Perspektif Konstitusional Kedudukan Negara dan Swasta dalam Pengelolaan Sumber Daya Air Menurut UUD 1945
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.31078/jk13210Keywords:
constitutional perspective, the right to water, control by the stateAbstract
This research discusses the constitutional perspective of water resources management and its relation to the position of the state and the private sector in the management of water resources. This research examines the decision of the Constitutional Court in the judicial review of Law No. 7 of 2004 on Water Resources. There are two issues discussed in these studies namely (i) what is the constitutional perspective of water resource management and (ii) what is the position of the state and the private sector in water resources management? This research uses normative law research. The results showed that there are two constitutional perspectives in water resources management which are the perspective of control by the state under Article 33 paragraph (3) and the perspective of Human Rights perspective based on Article 28H of the 1945 Constitution. Based on the perspective of control by the state, management of water resources should be controlled by the state from upstream to downstream. The state should take control of water resources and establish distribution channels to meet the needs of the citizens on the water. From a human rights perspective, the state is obliged to protect, promote and fulfill the right to water. This obligation cannot be left to the private sector especially in water management based on its primary function. Therefore, the overall water management should be done by the state through the State Owned Enterprises or Regional Owned Enterprises. In fact, the monopoly of water management is a policy option that can be taken by the state. On the other hand, the private sector can take a part to commercialize water based on the use of water in its secondary function for industrial use through licensing mechanism. The study concluded that the state has an obligation to meet the citizens’ rights to water in order to meet the needs of a decent life based on primary functions of water. Secondary functions can be operated by private sectors.
References
Buku:
Bagir Manan dan Susi Dwi Harijanti., 2014, Memahami Konstitusi: Makna dan Aktualisasi, Jakarta: PT Rajagrafindo Persada.
Hendra Nurtjahjo, 2005, Ilmu Negara PengembanganTeori Bernegara dan Suplemen, Jakarta: PT Rajagrafindo Persada.
Hendry, Sarah, 2015, Framework for Water Law reforms, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
I Dewa Gede Palguna., Mahkamah Konstitusi, Judicial Review & Welfare State, Jakarta: Sekretariat Jenderal dan Kepaniteraan MK RI, 2008
Jimly Asshiddiqie, Konstitusi dan Konstitusionalisme Indonesia, Jakarta: Konstitusi Press, 2005.
Gleick, Peter H., et.al., The New Economy of Water. The Risks and Benefit of Globalization and Privatization of Fresh Water, Hayward, California: Pacific Institute, 2002.
Kaufmann,Franz-Xaver, 2012, European Foundations of Welfare State, New York, Oxford: Berghan Books.
Salman, Salman M. A. and Siobhan McInerney-Lankford, The Human Right to Water. Legal and Policy Dimensions, Washington, D.C.: The World Bank, 2004.
Soerjono Soekanto dan Sri Mamudji, Penelitian Hukum Normatif (Suatu Tinjauan Singkat), Jakarta: PT. Rajawali Pers, 2010
Spicker, Paul, The Welfare State. A General Theory, London, Thousand Oaks, New Delhi: SAGE Publications, 2000.
Thielbörger, Pierre The Right(s) to Water. The Multi-Level Governance of a Unique Human Right, Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer, 2014
World Bank, Water Resources Management, Washington, D.C.: The World Bank, 1993.
Yudi Latif, 2011, Negara Paripurna: Historisitas,Rasionalitas dan Aktualitas Pancasila, Jakarta: PT Gramedia Pustaka Utama.
Jurnal:
Bluemel, Erik B., “The Implications of Formulating a Human Right to Water”,
Ecology Law Quarterly, 2004, 31 Ecology L.Q. 957.
Gleick, Peter H., “The Human Right to Water”, Water Policy I, 1998.
Larson, Rhett B., “The New Right in Water,” Washington and Lee Law Review, Fall, 2013, 70 Wash. & Lee L. Rev. 2181.
Petrova, Violeta “At the Frontiers of the Rush for Blue Gold: Water Privatization and the Human Right to Water”, Brooklyn Journal of International Law, 2006, 31 Brook. J. Int’l L. 577.
Williams, Mellina, “Privatization and the Human Rights to Water: Challenges for the New Century”, Michigan Journal of International Law, Winter, 2007, 28 Mich. J. Int’l L. 469.
Peraturan Perundang-Undangan:
Indonesia, Undang-Undang Dasar 1945.
Indonesia, Undang-Undang Pembentukan Peraturan Perundang-undangan, UU No.
12 Tahun 2011, LN No. 82 Tahun 2011, TLN No. 5234.
Indonesia, Undang-Undang Pengairan, UU No. 11 Tahun 1974, LN No. 65 Tahun 1974, TLN No. 3046.
Putusan:
Mahkamah Konstitusi, Putusan Pengujian Undang-Undang Nomor 7 Tahun 2004 tentang Sumber Daya Air, Putusan No. 85/PUU-XII/2014.
Mahkamah Konstitusi, Putusan Pengujian Undang-Undang Nomor 7 Tahun 2004 tentang Sumber Daya Air, Putusan No. 058-059-060-063/PUU-II/2004 dan Putusan No. 008/PUU-III/2005.
Mahkamah Konstitusi, Putusan Pengujian Undang-Undang Ketenagalistrikan, Putusan No. 001-021-022/PUU-I/2003. Lihat juga Mahkamah Konstitusi, Putusan Pengujian Undang-Undang Minyak dan Gas Bumi, Putusan No. 002/PUU-I/2003 dan No. 36/PUU-X/2012.
Artikel:
Harian Kompas, “Ironi Yang Jauh dari Akhir,” Kompas, (3 Maret 2015).
Harian Kompas, “Jajak Pendapat Kompas. Momentum Negara Kembali Melayani Rakyat,“ Kompas, (9 Maret 2015).
Suhardi, “Hak atas Air Pasca Putusan MK”, Kompas, (24 Maret 2015).
Internet:
Acemoglu, Daren et al., “A Dynamic Theory of Resoure Wars”, http://economics.mit.edu/files/8041,
Barlow, Maude “Blue Gold. The Global Water Crises and the Commodification of the World’s Water Supply”, http://global.wisc.edu/development/resources/blue-gold.pdf,
Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women, http://www.ohchr.org/Documents/ProfessionalInterest/cedaw.pdf
Convention on the Rights of the Child, http://www.ohchr.org/en/professionalinterest/pages/crc.aspx
Petrus Riski, “Warga Batu Siap Hadapi Banding Pertahankan Mata Air Umbul Gemulo”, http://www.mongabay.co.id/2014/08/22/warga-batu-siap-hadapi-banding-pertahankan-mata-air-umbul-gemulo/
Kishimoto, Satoko, Emanuele Lobina and Olivier Petitjean, eds., Our Public Water Future. The Global Experience with Remunicipalisation, (Amsterdam, London, Paris,Cape Town, Brussels: Transnational Institute (TNI), Public Services International Research Unit (PSIRU), Multinationals Observatory, Municipal Services Project (MSP), European Federation of Public Services Union (EPSU), April 2015, h. 40, http://www.tni.org/briefing/our-public-water-future.
Peter H. Gleick, “Global Freshwater Resources: Soft-Path Solutions for the 21st Century”, Science, 302, 2003, http://www.spar.msstate.edu/class/EPP-2008/Chapter%201/Reading%20material/Chapter%201%20-%20Water/US%20Water%20Resources_Science_2003.pdf
The Dublin Statement on Water and Sustainable Development, http://www.wmo.int/pages/prog/hwrp/documents/english/icwedece.html
Universal Declaration of Human Rights, http://www.un.org/en/documents/udhr/ index.shtml#a25,
World Bank, A Strategy for Managing Water in the Middle East and North Africa, , Washington, D.C.: The World Bank, 1994, h. 11, http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/1994/07/01/000009265_3970716143002/Rendered/PDF/multi0page.pdf
http://eng.worldwaterforum7.org/introduce/intro.asp.
http://www.ilo.org/dyn/normlex/en/f?p=NORMLEXPUB:12100:0::NO::P12100_INSTRUMENT_ID:312306#A5
http://www.worldlii.org/int/other/UNGARsn/1966/65.pdf.
Bagir Manan dan Susi Dwi Harijanti., 2014, Memahami Konstitusi: Makna dan Aktualisasi, Jakarta: PT Rajagrafindo Persada.
Hendra Nurtjahjo, 2005, Ilmu Negara PengembanganTeori Bernegara dan Suplemen, Jakarta: PT Rajagrafindo Persada.
Hendry, Sarah, 2015, Framework for Water Law reforms, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
I Dewa Gede Palguna., Mahkamah Konstitusi, Judicial Review & Welfare State, Jakarta: Sekretariat Jenderal dan Kepaniteraan MK RI, 2008
Jimly Asshiddiqie, Konstitusi dan Konstitusionalisme Indonesia, Jakarta: Konstitusi Press, 2005.
Gleick, Peter H., et.al., The New Economy of Water. The Risks and Benefit of Globalization and Privatization of Fresh Water, Hayward, California: Pacific Institute, 2002.
Kaufmann,Franz-Xaver, 2012, European Foundations of Welfare State, New York, Oxford: Berghan Books.
Salman, Salman M. A. and Siobhan McInerney-Lankford, The Human Right to Water. Legal and Policy Dimensions, Washington, D.C.: The World Bank, 2004.
Soerjono Soekanto dan Sri Mamudji, Penelitian Hukum Normatif (Suatu Tinjauan Singkat), Jakarta: PT. Rajawali Pers, 2010
Spicker, Paul, The Welfare State. A General Theory, London, Thousand Oaks, New Delhi: SAGE Publications, 2000.
Thielbörger, Pierre The Right(s) to Water. The Multi-Level Governance of a Unique Human Right, Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer, 2014
World Bank, Water Resources Management, Washington, D.C.: The World Bank, 1993.
Yudi Latif, 2011, Negara Paripurna: Historisitas,Rasionalitas dan Aktualitas Pancasila, Jakarta: PT Gramedia Pustaka Utama.
Jurnal:
Bluemel, Erik B., “The Implications of Formulating a Human Right to Water”,
Ecology Law Quarterly, 2004, 31 Ecology L.Q. 957.
Gleick, Peter H., “The Human Right to Water”, Water Policy I, 1998.
Larson, Rhett B., “The New Right in Water,” Washington and Lee Law Review, Fall, 2013, 70 Wash. & Lee L. Rev. 2181.
Petrova, Violeta “At the Frontiers of the Rush for Blue Gold: Water Privatization and the Human Right to Water”, Brooklyn Journal of International Law, 2006, 31 Brook. J. Int’l L. 577.
Williams, Mellina, “Privatization and the Human Rights to Water: Challenges for the New Century”, Michigan Journal of International Law, Winter, 2007, 28 Mich. J. Int’l L. 469.
Peraturan Perundang-Undangan:
Indonesia, Undang-Undang Dasar 1945.
Indonesia, Undang-Undang Pembentukan Peraturan Perundang-undangan, UU No.
12 Tahun 2011, LN No. 82 Tahun 2011, TLN No. 5234.
Indonesia, Undang-Undang Pengairan, UU No. 11 Tahun 1974, LN No. 65 Tahun 1974, TLN No. 3046.
Putusan:
Mahkamah Konstitusi, Putusan Pengujian Undang-Undang Nomor 7 Tahun 2004 tentang Sumber Daya Air, Putusan No. 85/PUU-XII/2014.
Mahkamah Konstitusi, Putusan Pengujian Undang-Undang Nomor 7 Tahun 2004 tentang Sumber Daya Air, Putusan No. 058-059-060-063/PUU-II/2004 dan Putusan No. 008/PUU-III/2005.
Mahkamah Konstitusi, Putusan Pengujian Undang-Undang Ketenagalistrikan, Putusan No. 001-021-022/PUU-I/2003. Lihat juga Mahkamah Konstitusi, Putusan Pengujian Undang-Undang Minyak dan Gas Bumi, Putusan No. 002/PUU-I/2003 dan No. 36/PUU-X/2012.
Artikel:
Harian Kompas, “Ironi Yang Jauh dari Akhir,” Kompas, (3 Maret 2015).
Harian Kompas, “Jajak Pendapat Kompas. Momentum Negara Kembali Melayani Rakyat,“ Kompas, (9 Maret 2015).
Suhardi, “Hak atas Air Pasca Putusan MK”, Kompas, (24 Maret 2015).
Internet:
Acemoglu, Daren et al., “A Dynamic Theory of Resoure Wars”, http://economics.mit.edu/files/8041,
Barlow, Maude “Blue Gold. The Global Water Crises and the Commodification of the World’s Water Supply”, http://global.wisc.edu/development/resources/blue-gold.pdf,
Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women, http://www.ohchr.org/Documents/ProfessionalInterest/cedaw.pdf
Convention on the Rights of the Child, http://www.ohchr.org/en/professionalinterest/pages/crc.aspx
Petrus Riski, “Warga Batu Siap Hadapi Banding Pertahankan Mata Air Umbul Gemulo”, http://www.mongabay.co.id/2014/08/22/warga-batu-siap-hadapi-banding-pertahankan-mata-air-umbul-gemulo/
Kishimoto, Satoko, Emanuele Lobina and Olivier Petitjean, eds., Our Public Water Future. The Global Experience with Remunicipalisation, (Amsterdam, London, Paris,Cape Town, Brussels: Transnational Institute (TNI), Public Services International Research Unit (PSIRU), Multinationals Observatory, Municipal Services Project (MSP), European Federation of Public Services Union (EPSU), April 2015, h. 40, http://www.tni.org/briefing/our-public-water-future.
Peter H. Gleick, “Global Freshwater Resources: Soft-Path Solutions for the 21st Century”, Science, 302, 2003, http://www.spar.msstate.edu/class/EPP-2008/Chapter%201/Reading%20material/Chapter%201%20-%20Water/US%20Water%20Resources_Science_2003.pdf
The Dublin Statement on Water and Sustainable Development, http://www.wmo.int/pages/prog/hwrp/documents/english/icwedece.html
Universal Declaration of Human Rights, http://www.un.org/en/documents/udhr/ index.shtml#a25,
World Bank, A Strategy for Managing Water in the Middle East and North Africa, , Washington, D.C.: The World Bank, 1994, h. 11, http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/1994/07/01/000009265_3970716143002/Rendered/PDF/multi0page.pdf
http://eng.worldwaterforum7.org/introduce/intro.asp.
http://www.ilo.org/dyn/normlex/en/f?p=NORMLEXPUB:12100:0::NO::P12100_INSTRUMENT_ID:312306#A5
http://www.worldlii.org/int/other/UNGARsn/1966/65.pdf.
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Published
2023-06-08
How to Cite
Kasim, Helmi, and Titis Anindyajati. 2023. “Perspektif Konstitusional Kedudukan Negara Dan Swasta Dalam Pengelolaan Sumber Daya Air Menurut UUD 1945”. Jurnal Konstitusi 13 (2):455-79. https://doi.org/10.31078/jk13210.
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