Komparasi Mekanisme Penyelesaian Sengketa Pemilu di Beberapa Negara Penganut Paham Demokrasi Konstitusional
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.31078/jk936Keywords:
Dispute Settlement Elections, State Constitutional DemocracyAbstract
Every country in the world, moreover in every country which has implemented the way of life of democcratic and nation, presume that election is one of the important element as a marker of democracy of the country and also has a practical function of government political as a succession’s tool between the government parties and the oposition parties. In every democratic constitutional state, the election process has a purpose to embody will of the people into pattern of power without violence.The election process will not only be assessed by sticking to the existing legal framework but the laws, codes of conduct of the election and its implementation needs to be tested and adjusted if it is in accordance with its primary purpose or not without ignoring the rights of individuals or people. In the process of the general election, the election process does not always run smoothly. Various obstacles in the implementation of good elections that occurred both during and previous election, is a problem that certainly would have widely spread impact if not immediately resolved. The existence of problems in the election related to dissatisfaction of decision of the election or criminal violations and administrative which can influence the result of election is commonly known by electoral disputes. In order the election dispute does not disturb the constitutional system or system of government of a country or region, it requires an electoral dispute resolution mechanisms that effective and can give a fair decision to the parties.The main problem is how the benchmark of an electoral dispute resolution mechanisms that are effective? Because, if traced further and reflect on democracies country in the world, not all democracies country, especially the democracies country which basing on the supremacy of the constitution, has the same electoral dispute resolution mechanisms between one country to another country. This is very important, because by knowing the measure or the benchmark of the effectiveness of an electoral dispute resolution mechanisms, we can consider to choose which electoral dispute resolution mechanisms that appropriate and give the fairness to the parties and society in general.
References
BUKU
Asshiddiqie Jimyl, Hukum Tata Negara dan Pilar-pilar Demokrasi,
Arend Lijphart, Democracy in Pliral Societies, A Comparative Exploration, (New Haven and Londo, USA: Yale University Press, 1977),
Budiarjo Miriam, Dasar-dasar Ilmu Politik, Edisi Revisi, (Jakarta: PT Gramedia Pustaka Utama, 2008),
Bedner Adriaan W., Peradilan Tata Usaha negara di Indonesia, Jakarta : HuMa, Van Volenhoven Institute, KITLV-Jakarta, 2010.
Burns James MacGregor, et.al, Government by the People, INew Jersey: Prentice Hall, Inc., 1989)
Carl J.Friederich, Constiturional Government and Democracy, Theory and Practice in Europe and America, ed. Ke-5, (Wletham, Mass, Blaidsdell Publisihing Company, 1967),
Dyzenhaus David, Legality and Legitimasi ( Carl Schmitt, Hans Kelsen and Hermann Heller in Weimar), Oxford University Press, New York, 1999.
Huntington, Samuel, The Third Wave : Democratization In The Late Twentieth Century, (Oklahoma : University of Oklahoma Press , 1991).
I Dewa Gede Palguna, Mahkamah Konstitusi, Judicial Review, dan Welfare State, (Jakarta: Sekretariat Jenderal dan Kepaniteraan Mahkamah Konstitusi RI, 2008),
Fakhruddin Anang, dalam Barry H. Weinberg, Penyelesaian Perselisihan Pemilu: Prinsip-Prinsip Hukum yang Mengendalikan Gugatan Atas Pemilu (The Resolution of Election Disputes: Legal Principles That Control Election Challenges), (Jakarta: IFES-Indonesia, 2010),
Garner Bryan A., Blacks Law Dictionary : Abriged Seventh Edition, (St. Paul, Minn: West Group, 2000).
International Commission of Jurist, The Dynamic Aspect of the Rule of Law in the Modern Age, bangkok: International Commission of Jurist, 1965,
International IDEA, Melanjutkan Dialog Menuju Reformasi Konstitusi di Indonesia, (Jakarta: International IDEA, 2001),
IDEA International, Electoral Justice : The International IDEA Handbook, (Stockholm
: Bulls Graphics, 2010),
IDEA, Keadilan Pemilu Ringkasan Buku Acuan International IDEA, terjemahan atas kerjasama International IDEA, Bawaslu RI, dan Centro, (Jakarta: IDEA, 2010),
IDEA International, Electoral Justice : The International IDEA Handbook, (Stockholm: Bulls Graphics, 2010).
IFES Indonesia, Pedoman Untuk Memahami, Menangani, dan Menyelesaikan Sengketa Pemilu, editor Chad Vickery, diterjemahkan oleh Ay San Harjono, (Washington
D.C. : International Foundation for Electoral System, 2011),
Mayo Henry N., an Introduction to Democratic Theory, (New York: Oxgford University Press, 1960_,
Murphy Walter F., Constitutions, Constitutionalisme and Democracy dalam Douglas Greenberg et.al., eds., Constitutionalism and Democracy: Transition in the Contemporary World, (New Yor: Oxford University Press, 1993).
Sekretariat Jenderal dan Kepaniteraan Mahkamah Konstitusi, Hukum Acara Mahkamah Konstitusi, (Jakarta: Sekretariat Jenderal dan Kepaniteraan Mahkamah Konstitusi RI, 2010),
Santoso, Topo, “Penyelesaian Sengketa Pemilu: Suatu Perbandingan”, makalah disampaikan pada acara diskusi terbatas yang diselenggarakan di Mahkamah Konstitusi, Jakarta 27 April 2011.
Soedarsono, Mahkamah Konstitusi Sebagai Pengawal Demokrasi, penyelesaian Sengketa Hasil Pemilu 2004 oleh Mahkamah Konstitusi, (Jakarta: Sekretariat Jenderal dan Kepaniteraan Mahkamah Konstitusi, 2006),
Sargent Lyman Tower, Contemporary Political Ideologis, (Chicago: The Dorsey Press, 1984),
Thaib, Dahlan, Implementasi Sistem Ketatanegaraan Menurut UUD 1945, (Yogyakarta: Liberty, 1993),
Soekanto Soejono, Penelitian Hukum Normatif, 2010, Marzuki Peter Mahmud, Penelitian Hukum, 2009,
The Carter Centre, Laporan Akhir Misi Pemantau Terbatas The Carter Centre untuk Pemilu Legislatif 9 April 2009 di Indonesia, (Atlanta: The Carter Centre, 2009),
PERATURAN
Indonesia, Undang-Undang Nomor 24 tahun 2003 tentang Mahkamah Konstitusi
Indonesia, Undang-Undang Nomor 12 tahun 2008 tentang Perubahan Kedua Atas Undang-Undang Nomor 32 Tahun 2004 tentang Pemerintahan Daerah.
PUTUSAN
Putusan Mahkamah Konstitusi terhadap perkara Nomor 072/PUU-II/2004 dan Putusan Mahkamah Konstitusi terhadap perkara Nomor 073/PUU-II/2004.
Putusan Mahkamah Konstitusi Nomor 41/PHPU.D-VII/2008 tentang Penyelesaian Perselisihan hasil Pemilihan Umum Kepala Daerah Jawa Timur yang dalam pertimbangan hukumnya membuka kemungkinan bagi Mahkamah Konstitusi untuk memeriksa pelanggaran-pelanggaran pemilukada yang mempengaruhi hasil pemilu dan bukan hanya memeriksa perselisihan hasil penghitungan suara, begitu pula Putusan Mahkamah Konstitusi Nomor 09/PHPU.D-VIII/2010 tentang pemilukada Kabupaten Bangli, Putusan Mahkamah Konstitusi Nomor 120/PHPU.D-VIII/2010 tentang pemilukada Kabupaten Lamongan dan beberapa putusan Mahkamah Konstitusi lainnya.
WEBSITE
www.en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Election, diunduh pada Rabu, 30 November 2011, pukul. 13.30 WIB.
Siegel, Stephen A, The Conscientious Congressman’s Guide to The Electoral Count Act of 1887, Florida Law Review, July, 2004, www.ssm.com/abstract=1265227. Diunduh pada Rabu, 30 November 2011, pukul 13.20 WIB.
Diakses melalui situs ACE Project laman http://aceproject.org/.
Sumber referensi (terjemahan) diakses pada tanggal 6 Juli 2011 melalui: http://www.eces.eu/index.php?option=commentent&view=article&id=326&Itemid=24. “Well-functioning and responsive Electoral Dispute Resolution (EDR) mechanisms are essential to ensure proper processing of potential complains and appeals that main arise not only in relation to the final results but also challenges to the organization of voter registration processes, registration of political parties and the campaigning phase etc. EDR mechanisms can be both formal and informal. In the electoral world, many grievances are solved through information negotiations and dialogue. Formal mechanisms, however, are essential to ensure that potential challenges can be channelled through established structures in case it is not solved at a lower level. EDR institutions include EMBs, ordinary administrative/judiciary institutions, electoral and/or constitutional courts and the Parliament. ECES Experts have hands-on experience justice and juridical reform and from handling electoral complaints both through informal and formal channels. We believe that the strengthening of EDR mechanisms, given the way in which such institutions can contribute to the mitigation of conflict by providing an opportunity for legal outlets and independent decision-making, is an integral part of a strategy towards may prevent the escalation of elections- related violence.” http://www.eces.eu/.
Sejak awal tahun 2011 dalam suasana pembahasan Rancangan Undang- Undang Mahkamah Konstitusi yang baru, bermunculan wacana untuk mengeluarkan kewenangan penyelesaian Pemilukada dari Mahkamah Konstitusi, lihat: Media Indonesia, “Kewenangan MK dalam Sengketa Pemilu Kada Dibatasi?”, diakses melalui laman (http://www.mediaindonesia.com/read/2011/03/17/211030/3/1/Kewenangan-MK-dalam-Sengketa-Pemilu-Kada-Dibatasi-) dan Media Indonesia, “MK Jadi Masalah dalam Pemilu Kada” diakses melalui laman (ttp://bataviase.co.id/node/569303)) pada tanggal 3 September 2011.
Diakses melalui laman www.idea.int/news/newsletters/upload/concept_paper_EDR.pdf dengan judul makalah “Electoral Dispute Resolution Systems : Towards A Handbook And Related Material (Summary of Concept Paper Developed And Presented By Orozco Henriquez And Dr. Raul Avila To EDR Expert Group Workshop Held In Mexico City, 27-28 May 2004”, http://www.idea.int/elections/eea/images/Electoral-cycle.png
MAKALAH
Topo santoso, makalah berjudul “Perselisihan Hasil Pemilukada” disampaikan pada acara Diskusi Terbatas di Mahkamah Konstitusi pada tanggal 24 Maret 2011 di Jakarta.
Asshiddiqie Jimyl, Hukum Tata Negara dan Pilar-pilar Demokrasi,
Arend Lijphart, Democracy in Pliral Societies, A Comparative Exploration, (New Haven and Londo, USA: Yale University Press, 1977),
Budiarjo Miriam, Dasar-dasar Ilmu Politik, Edisi Revisi, (Jakarta: PT Gramedia Pustaka Utama, 2008),
Bedner Adriaan W., Peradilan Tata Usaha negara di Indonesia, Jakarta : HuMa, Van Volenhoven Institute, KITLV-Jakarta, 2010.
Burns James MacGregor, et.al, Government by the People, INew Jersey: Prentice Hall, Inc., 1989)
Carl J.Friederich, Constiturional Government and Democracy, Theory and Practice in Europe and America, ed. Ke-5, (Wletham, Mass, Blaidsdell Publisihing Company, 1967),
Dyzenhaus David, Legality and Legitimasi ( Carl Schmitt, Hans Kelsen and Hermann Heller in Weimar), Oxford University Press, New York, 1999.
Huntington, Samuel, The Third Wave : Democratization In The Late Twentieth Century, (Oklahoma : University of Oklahoma Press , 1991).
I Dewa Gede Palguna, Mahkamah Konstitusi, Judicial Review, dan Welfare State, (Jakarta: Sekretariat Jenderal dan Kepaniteraan Mahkamah Konstitusi RI, 2008),
Fakhruddin Anang, dalam Barry H. Weinberg, Penyelesaian Perselisihan Pemilu: Prinsip-Prinsip Hukum yang Mengendalikan Gugatan Atas Pemilu (The Resolution of Election Disputes: Legal Principles That Control Election Challenges), (Jakarta: IFES-Indonesia, 2010),
Garner Bryan A., Blacks Law Dictionary : Abriged Seventh Edition, (St. Paul, Minn: West Group, 2000).
International Commission of Jurist, The Dynamic Aspect of the Rule of Law in the Modern Age, bangkok: International Commission of Jurist, 1965,
International IDEA, Melanjutkan Dialog Menuju Reformasi Konstitusi di Indonesia, (Jakarta: International IDEA, 2001),
IDEA International, Electoral Justice : The International IDEA Handbook, (Stockholm
: Bulls Graphics, 2010),
IDEA, Keadilan Pemilu Ringkasan Buku Acuan International IDEA, terjemahan atas kerjasama International IDEA, Bawaslu RI, dan Centro, (Jakarta: IDEA, 2010),
IDEA International, Electoral Justice : The International IDEA Handbook, (Stockholm: Bulls Graphics, 2010).
IFES Indonesia, Pedoman Untuk Memahami, Menangani, dan Menyelesaikan Sengketa Pemilu, editor Chad Vickery, diterjemahkan oleh Ay San Harjono, (Washington
D.C. : International Foundation for Electoral System, 2011),
Mayo Henry N., an Introduction to Democratic Theory, (New York: Oxgford University Press, 1960_,
Murphy Walter F., Constitutions, Constitutionalisme and Democracy dalam Douglas Greenberg et.al., eds., Constitutionalism and Democracy: Transition in the Contemporary World, (New Yor: Oxford University Press, 1993).
Sekretariat Jenderal dan Kepaniteraan Mahkamah Konstitusi, Hukum Acara Mahkamah Konstitusi, (Jakarta: Sekretariat Jenderal dan Kepaniteraan Mahkamah Konstitusi RI, 2010),
Santoso, Topo, “Penyelesaian Sengketa Pemilu: Suatu Perbandingan”, makalah disampaikan pada acara diskusi terbatas yang diselenggarakan di Mahkamah Konstitusi, Jakarta 27 April 2011.
Soedarsono, Mahkamah Konstitusi Sebagai Pengawal Demokrasi, penyelesaian Sengketa Hasil Pemilu 2004 oleh Mahkamah Konstitusi, (Jakarta: Sekretariat Jenderal dan Kepaniteraan Mahkamah Konstitusi, 2006),
Sargent Lyman Tower, Contemporary Political Ideologis, (Chicago: The Dorsey Press, 1984),
Thaib, Dahlan, Implementasi Sistem Ketatanegaraan Menurut UUD 1945, (Yogyakarta: Liberty, 1993),
Soekanto Soejono, Penelitian Hukum Normatif, 2010, Marzuki Peter Mahmud, Penelitian Hukum, 2009,
The Carter Centre, Laporan Akhir Misi Pemantau Terbatas The Carter Centre untuk Pemilu Legislatif 9 April 2009 di Indonesia, (Atlanta: The Carter Centre, 2009),
PERATURAN
Indonesia, Undang-Undang Nomor 24 tahun 2003 tentang Mahkamah Konstitusi
Indonesia, Undang-Undang Nomor 12 tahun 2008 tentang Perubahan Kedua Atas Undang-Undang Nomor 32 Tahun 2004 tentang Pemerintahan Daerah.
PUTUSAN
Putusan Mahkamah Konstitusi terhadap perkara Nomor 072/PUU-II/2004 dan Putusan Mahkamah Konstitusi terhadap perkara Nomor 073/PUU-II/2004.
Putusan Mahkamah Konstitusi Nomor 41/PHPU.D-VII/2008 tentang Penyelesaian Perselisihan hasil Pemilihan Umum Kepala Daerah Jawa Timur yang dalam pertimbangan hukumnya membuka kemungkinan bagi Mahkamah Konstitusi untuk memeriksa pelanggaran-pelanggaran pemilukada yang mempengaruhi hasil pemilu dan bukan hanya memeriksa perselisihan hasil penghitungan suara, begitu pula Putusan Mahkamah Konstitusi Nomor 09/PHPU.D-VIII/2010 tentang pemilukada Kabupaten Bangli, Putusan Mahkamah Konstitusi Nomor 120/PHPU.D-VIII/2010 tentang pemilukada Kabupaten Lamongan dan beberapa putusan Mahkamah Konstitusi lainnya.
WEBSITE
www.en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Election, diunduh pada Rabu, 30 November 2011, pukul. 13.30 WIB.
Siegel, Stephen A, The Conscientious Congressman’s Guide to The Electoral Count Act of 1887, Florida Law Review, July, 2004, www.ssm.com/abstract=1265227. Diunduh pada Rabu, 30 November 2011, pukul 13.20 WIB.
Diakses melalui situs ACE Project laman http://aceproject.org/.
Sumber referensi (terjemahan) diakses pada tanggal 6 Juli 2011 melalui: http://www.eces.eu/index.php?option=commentent&view=article&id=326&Itemid=24. “Well-functioning and responsive Electoral Dispute Resolution (EDR) mechanisms are essential to ensure proper processing of potential complains and appeals that main arise not only in relation to the final results but also challenges to the organization of voter registration processes, registration of political parties and the campaigning phase etc. EDR mechanisms can be both formal and informal. In the electoral world, many grievances are solved through information negotiations and dialogue. Formal mechanisms, however, are essential to ensure that potential challenges can be channelled through established structures in case it is not solved at a lower level. EDR institutions include EMBs, ordinary administrative/judiciary institutions, electoral and/or constitutional courts and the Parliament. ECES Experts have hands-on experience justice and juridical reform and from handling electoral complaints both through informal and formal channels. We believe that the strengthening of EDR mechanisms, given the way in which such institutions can contribute to the mitigation of conflict by providing an opportunity for legal outlets and independent decision-making, is an integral part of a strategy towards may prevent the escalation of elections- related violence.” http://www.eces.eu/.
Sejak awal tahun 2011 dalam suasana pembahasan Rancangan Undang- Undang Mahkamah Konstitusi yang baru, bermunculan wacana untuk mengeluarkan kewenangan penyelesaian Pemilukada dari Mahkamah Konstitusi, lihat: Media Indonesia, “Kewenangan MK dalam Sengketa Pemilu Kada Dibatasi?”, diakses melalui laman (http://www.mediaindonesia.com/read/2011/03/17/211030/3/1/Kewenangan-MK-dalam-Sengketa-Pemilu-Kada-Dibatasi-) dan Media Indonesia, “MK Jadi Masalah dalam Pemilu Kada” diakses melalui laman (ttp://bataviase.co.id/node/569303)) pada tanggal 3 September 2011.
Diakses melalui laman www.idea.int/news/newsletters/upload/concept_paper_EDR.pdf dengan judul makalah “Electoral Dispute Resolution Systems : Towards A Handbook And Related Material (Summary of Concept Paper Developed And Presented By Orozco Henriquez And Dr. Raul Avila To EDR Expert Group Workshop Held In Mexico City, 27-28 May 2004”, http://www.idea.int/elections/eea/images/Electoral-cycle.png
MAKALAH
Topo santoso, makalah berjudul “Perselisihan Hasil Pemilukada” disampaikan pada acara Diskusi Terbatas di Mahkamah Konstitusi pada tanggal 24 Maret 2011 di Jakarta.
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Published
2016-05-20
How to Cite
Bisariyadi, Bisariyadi, Anna Triningsih, Meyrinda Rahmawaty H, and Alia Harumdani W. 2016. “Komparasi Mekanisme Penyelesaian Sengketa Pemilu Di Beberapa Negara Penganut Paham Demokrasi Konstitusional”. Jurnal Konstitusi 9 (3):531-62. https://doi.org/10.31078/jk936.
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