Yudisialisasi Politik dan Sikap Menahan Diri: Peran Mahkamah Konstitusi dalam Menguji Undang-Undang
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.31078/jk1233Keywords:
Judicialization of Politics, Judicial Restraint, Open(Eed) Legal Policy, Constitutional ReviewAbstract
In a review of the constitutionality of law or policy, the Constitutional Court can take an aggressive approach or choose to take self-restraint. Theoretical justification on the Court to change or made policy derived from the judicialization of politics. Global phenomenon indicates the shift of policy-making authority towards the judiciary. Consequently, policy makers shows resistence. Such conditions forced the Court to use a number of strategies to reduce political tensions between state institutions while at the same time the Court still protect the rights of citizens. The Court uses self-restraint approach to examine policies which in realm of legislative or executive discretion. This approach is referred to by the Court as an “open(ed) legal policy”. This study elaborates on the actions carried out by the Indonesian Constitutional Court to test the constitutionality of law or policy, both in the application of the judicialization of politics nor in the judicial restraint approach. In reality, the Court uses both of these approaches on review the constitutionality of law and policy.
References
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Alec Stone Sweet, Governing with Judges, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000.
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Cass R. Sunstein, One Case at a Time: Judicial Minimalism on the Supreme Court, Cambridge: Harvard University Press 1999.
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Christine Landfried. “The udicialization of Politics in Germany,” International Political Science Review, Vol. 15, Issue 2, 1994, hal. 113-124.
Erwin Chemerinsky, “When Do Lawmakers Threaten Judicial Independence?,” Trial, Vol. 34, Nov. 1998, hal. 62-71
Estefânia Maria De Queiroz Barboza dan Katya Kozicki, “Judicialization of Politics and the Judicial Review of Public Policies by the Brazilian Supreme Court”, Revista Direito GV, Vol. 8, no. 1, 2012, hal 59-85
George Tsebelis, “Decision Making in Political Systems: Veto Players in Presidentialism, Parliamentarism, Multicameralism and Multypartyism,” British Journal of Political Science, Vol. 25, No. 3, July 1995.
Herman Schwartz, “Eastern Europe’s Constitutional Courts,” Journal of Democracy, Vol. 9 Number 4, October 1998, hal 100-114
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Jan Ten Kate, dan Peter J. Van Koppen, “Judicialization of Politics in the Netherlands: Towards a Form of Judicial Review.” International Political Science Review, Vol. 15, Issue 2, 1994, hal 143-151.
Joakim Nergelius, “The Hungarian Cinstitution of 2012 and its Protection of Fundamental Rights,” European Policy Analysis, Vol. 3, 2012.
John Daley, Defining Judicial Restraint, sebagaimana terdapat dalam Tom Campbell dan Jeffrey Goldsworthy (eds.) Judicial Power, Democracy and Legal Positivism, Aldershot: Ashgate, 2000.
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Jonghyun Park, “The Judicialization of Politics in Korea,” Asian-Pacific Law & Policy Journal, Vol. 10, Number 1, 2008.
Klaus Armingeon, “The Effects of Negotiation Democracy: A Comparative Analysis,” European Journal of Political Research, Vol. 41, Issue 1, 2002, hal. 81–105.
Lee Epstein, Jack Knight, dan Olga Shvetsova. “The Role of Constitutional Courts in the Establishment and Maintenance of Democratic Systems of Government.” Law and Society Review, 2001.
Malcolm M. Feeley dan Edward L. Rubin, Judicial Policy Making and the Modern State: How The Courts Reformed America’s Prisons, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998.
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Martin Edelman, “The Judicialization of Politics in Israel.” International Political Science Review, Vol. 15, Issue 2, 1994, hal. 177-186.
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Philip A. Talmadge, “Understanding the Limits of Power: Judicial Restraint in General Jurisdiction Court Systems,” Seattle University Law Review, vol, 22, 1999.
Rachel E. Barkow, “More Supreme Than Court? The Fall of the Political Question Doctrine and the Rise of Judicial Supremacy”, Columbia Law Review, Vol.102, 2002.
Rachel Sieder (eds.), The Judicialization of Politics in Latin America, New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2005.
Ran Hirschl, “Resituating the Judicialization of Politics: Bush v. Gore as a Global Trend”, Canadian Journal of Law and Jurisprudence, Vol. 15, Issue 2, 2002.
--------------------, “The New Constitution and the Judicialization of Pure Politics Worldwide”, Fordham Law Review, Vol. 75, Issue 2, 2006, hal. 721-754.
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Renata Uitz, “Constitutional Courts in Central and Eastern Europe: What Makes a Question Too Political?”, Juridica International, Vol. 13, Issue 2, 2007, hal 47-59
Richard A. Posner, “The Meaning of Judicial Self-Restraint,” Indiana Law Journal Vol. 59, Issue 1, 1983.
--------------------, “The Rise and Fall of Judicial Self-Restraint,” California Law Review, Vol. 100, 2012.
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Richard H. Pildes, “The Supreme Court, 2003 Term: Foreword: The Constitutionalization of Democratic Politics”, Harvard Law Review Vol. 118, Issue 29, 2004.
Richard Hodder-Williams, “Six Notions of ‘Political’ and the United States Supreme Court,” British Journal Political Science, Vol. 22, No. 1, 1992, hal. 1-20.
Robert J. Pushaw, Jr., “Justiciability and the Separation of Powers: A Neo-Federalist Approach,” Cornell Law Review, Vol.81, 1996, hal. 424. Lihat juga Jared P. Cole, “The Political Question Doctrine: Justiciability and the Separation of Powers,” Congressional Research Service, 23 December 2014
Stephen B. Bright, “Political Attacks on the Judiciary: Can Justice Be Done Amid Efforts to Intimidate and Remove Judges from Office for Unpopular Decisions?,” New York University Law Review, Vol. 72, 1997.
Stephen Gardbaum, “Are Strong Constitutional Courts Always a Good Thing for New Democracies?” Columbia Journal Of Transnational Law, vol. 53, 2015.
Taavi Annus, “Courts as Political Institutions”, Notes, Vol. 2, 1997.
Tamir Moustafa, “Law versus the State: The Judicialization of Politics in Egypt”, Law & Social Inquiry, Vol. 28, Issue 4, 2003, hal 883–930.
Tom Ginsburg, “The Judicialization of Administrative Governance Causes, Consequences and Limits”, National Taiwan University Law Review, Vol 3, Issue 2, 2008.
Wojciech Sadurski. “Postcommunist Constitutional Courts in Search of Political Legitimacy.” East European Case Reporter of Constitutional Law, Vol. 6, 1999.
Alec Stone Sweet, Governing with Judges, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000.
--------------------, “Judicialization and the Construction of Governance” dalam Martin Shapiro dan Alec Stone Sweet (eds.), On Law, Politics, and Judicialization, New York: Oxford 2002. hal. 55-90
--------------------, “The Politics of Constitutional Review in France and Europe,”
International Journal of Constitutional Law, Vol. 5, Issue 1, January 2007.
Alexander M. Bickel, The Least Dangerous Branch, New Haven: Yale University Press, 1962
Andras Sajo, “How the Rule of Law Killed Hungarian Welfare Reform,” East European Constitutional Review, Vol. 5, 1996, hal. 31–41.
Arend Lijphart, Patterns of Democracy: Government Forms and Performance in Thirty-Six Countries, London & New Haven, CT: Yale University Press 1999.
Barry Friedman, “The Politics of Judicial Review,” Texas Law Review, Vol. 84, No. 2, December 2005.
Bjoern Dressel (ed.), The Judicialization of Politics in Asia, Routledge Law in Asia, 2012
Bojan Bugaric, “Courts as Policy-Makers: Lessons from Transition,” Harvard International Law Journal, Vol. 42, 2001, hal. 247–288;
C. Neal Tate & Torbjorn Vallinder (eds.), The Global Expansion of Judicial Power, New York, London: New York University Press, 1995;
C. Neal Tate, “The Judicialization of Politics in the Philippines and Southeast Asia,”International Political Science Review, vol. 15, no. 2, April 1994, hal. 187-197
Cass R. Sunstein, One Case at a Time: Judicial Minimalism on the Supreme Court, Cambridge: Harvard University Press 1999.
--------------------, “Second-Order Perfectionism,” Fordham Law Review, Vol.75, issue 6, 2007
Christine Landfried. “The udicialization of Politics in Germany,” International Political Science Review, Vol. 15, Issue 2, 1994, hal. 113-124.
Erwin Chemerinsky, “When Do Lawmakers Threaten Judicial Independence?,” Trial, Vol. 34, Nov. 1998, hal. 62-71
Estefânia Maria De Queiroz Barboza dan Katya Kozicki, “Judicialization of Politics and the Judicial Review of Public Policies by the Brazilian Supreme Court”, Revista Direito GV, Vol. 8, no. 1, 2012, hal 59-85
George Tsebelis, “Decision Making in Political Systems: Veto Players in Presidentialism, Parliamentarism, Multicameralism and Multypartyism,” British Journal of Political Science, Vol. 25, No. 3, July 1995.
Herman Schwartz, “Eastern Europe’s Constitutional Courts,” Journal of Democracy, Vol. 9 Number 4, October 1998, hal 100-114
James B. Thayer, “The Origin and Scope of the American Doctrine of Constitutional Law,” Harvard Law Review, Vol.7, 1893, hal. 129-156
Jan Ten Kate, dan Peter J. Van Koppen, “Judicialization of Politics in the Netherlands: Towards a Form of Judicial Review.” International Political Science Review, Vol. 15, Issue 2, 1994, hal 143-151.
Joakim Nergelius, “The Hungarian Cinstitution of 2012 and its Protection of Fundamental Rights,” European Policy Analysis, Vol. 3, 2012.
John Daley, Defining Judicial Restraint, sebagaimana terdapat dalam Tom Campbell dan Jeffrey Goldsworthy (eds.) Judicial Power, Democracy and Legal Positivism, Aldershot: Ashgate, 2000.
John E. Ferejohn, “Constitutional Review in Global Context,” Legislation and Public Policy, Vol. 6 No. 49, 2002.
--------------------, “Judicializing Politics, Politicizing Law”, Law & Contemporary Problems, Volume 65 Issue 41, 2002.
John Hart Ely, Democracy and Distrust, Cambridge: Harvard University Press 1980.
Jonghyun Park, “The Judicialization of Politics in Korea,” Asian-Pacific Law & Policy Journal, Vol. 10, Number 1, 2008.
Klaus Armingeon, “The Effects of Negotiation Democracy: A Comparative Analysis,” European Journal of Political Research, Vol. 41, Issue 1, 2002, hal. 81–105.
Lee Epstein, Jack Knight, dan Olga Shvetsova. “The Role of Constitutional Courts in the Establishment and Maintenance of Democratic Systems of Government.” Law and Society Review, 2001.
Malcolm M. Feeley dan Edward L. Rubin, Judicial Policy Making and the Modern State: How The Courts Reformed America’s Prisons, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998.
Margit Tavits, “The Size of Government in Majoritarian and Consensus Democracies,” Comparative Political Studies, Vol. 37, Issue 3, 2004, hal. 340–359;
Mark Tushnet, Taking the Constitution Away from the Court, Princeton University Press, 2000
Martin Edelman, “The Judicialization of Politics in Israel.” International Political Science Review, Vol. 15, Issue 2, 1994, hal. 177-186.
Martin Shapiro & Alec Stone Sweet, On Law, Politics, and Judicialization, Oxford, 2002;
Owen M. Fiss, “Foreword: The Forms of Justice,” Harvard Law Review, Vol 93, 1979.
Philip A. Talmadge, “Understanding the Limits of Power: Judicial Restraint in General Jurisdiction Court Systems,” Seattle University Law Review, vol, 22, 1999.
Rachel E. Barkow, “More Supreme Than Court? The Fall of the Political Question Doctrine and the Rise of Judicial Supremacy”, Columbia Law Review, Vol.102, 2002.
Rachel Sieder (eds.), The Judicialization of Politics in Latin America, New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2005.
Ran Hirschl, “Resituating the Judicialization of Politics: Bush v. Gore as a Global Trend”, Canadian Journal of Law and Jurisprudence, Vol. 15, Issue 2, 2002.
--------------------, “The New Constitution and the Judicialization of Pure Politics Worldwide”, Fordham Law Review, Vol. 75, Issue 2, 2006, hal. 721-754.
--------------------, Towards Juristocracy: The Origins and Consequences of the New Constitutionalism, Harvard University Press 2004.
Renata Uitz, “Constitutional Courts in Central and Eastern Europe: What Makes a Question Too Political?”, Juridica International, Vol. 13, Issue 2, 2007, hal 47-59
Richard A. Posner, “The Meaning of Judicial Self-Restraint,” Indiana Law Journal Vol. 59, Issue 1, 1983.
--------------------, “The Rise and Fall of Judicial Self-Restraint,” California Law Review, Vol. 100, 2012.
--------------------,The Federal Courts. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press 1996
Richard H. Pildes, “The Supreme Court, 2003 Term: Foreword: The Constitutionalization of Democratic Politics”, Harvard Law Review Vol. 118, Issue 29, 2004.
Richard Hodder-Williams, “Six Notions of ‘Political’ and the United States Supreme Court,” British Journal Political Science, Vol. 22, No. 1, 1992, hal. 1-20.
Robert J. Pushaw, Jr., “Justiciability and the Separation of Powers: A Neo-Federalist Approach,” Cornell Law Review, Vol.81, 1996, hal. 424. Lihat juga Jared P. Cole, “The Political Question Doctrine: Justiciability and the Separation of Powers,” Congressional Research Service, 23 December 2014
Stephen B. Bright, “Political Attacks on the Judiciary: Can Justice Be Done Amid Efforts to Intimidate and Remove Judges from Office for Unpopular Decisions?,” New York University Law Review, Vol. 72, 1997.
Stephen Gardbaum, “Are Strong Constitutional Courts Always a Good Thing for New Democracies?” Columbia Journal Of Transnational Law, vol. 53, 2015.
Taavi Annus, “Courts as Political Institutions”, Notes, Vol. 2, 1997.
Tamir Moustafa, “Law versus the State: The Judicialization of Politics in Egypt”, Law & Social Inquiry, Vol. 28, Issue 4, 2003, hal 883–930.
Tom Ginsburg, “The Judicialization of Administrative Governance Causes, Consequences and Limits”, National Taiwan University Law Review, Vol 3, Issue 2, 2008.
Wojciech Sadurski. “Postcommunist Constitutional Courts in Search of Political Legitimacy.” East European Case Reporter of Constitutional Law, Vol. 6, 1999.
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Published
2016-05-20
How to Cite
Bisariyadi, Bisariyadi. 2016. “Yudisialisasi Politik Dan Sikap Menahan Diri: Peran Mahkamah Konstitusi Dalam Menguji Undang-Undang”. Jurnal Konstitusi 12 (3):473-502. https://doi.org/10.31078/jk1233.
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