Pemerintah Pusat dan Daerah: Pengadopsian Negara Kesatuan dengan Sistem Desentralisasi yang Desentralistik: Central and Regional Government: Adoption of Unitary State with a Decentralized System

Miftah Faried Hadinatha

doi:10.31078/jk2232

Authors

Miftah Faried Hadinatha Fakultas Syariah, Universitas Islam Sultan Aji Muhammad Idris Samarinda, Indonesia https://orcid.org/0009-0000-7608-3103

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.31078/jk2232

Keywords:

Decentralisation, Unitary State, Central and Local Goverment

Abstract

This article analyzes the extent to which a unitary state with a decentralist system of decentralization can be adopted. Such an assessment is important because the evolving discourse points to two alternatives for untangling the tug-of-war in central–regional relations: asymmetric decentralization or a federal state. To that end, this study sequentially examines: first, the varieties of decentralization; second, the condition of regional autonomy since Reformasi; and third, the rational reasons for adopting a unitary state with a decentralist model of decentralization. The article employs normative legal research with conceptual, statutory, and case approaches, as well as insights from non-legal disciplines. The findings show: first, there are five variations of decentralization within unitary states; second, regional autonomy has tended toward centralism; and third, there are five rationales for adopting a unitary state with a decentralist model of decentralization, namely a strong constitutional foundation, implementation of the decision space concept, reduced central government command, greater participation by local communities, and the possibility for communities to build their own welfare models in local contexts. The article asserts that granting local governments broad latitude to manage their own affairs signifies respect for local democracy.

References

Amin, Rizal Irvan, and Isharyanto Isharyanto. “Asymmetrical Sequential Decentralization: Resetting the Paradigm of Regional Autonomy.” Journal of Governance and Regulation 11, no. 4 (2022): 24–32. DOI: https://doi.org/10.22495/jgrv11i4art3

Badan Pusat Statistik. Indikator Kesejahteraan Rakyat 2021. Jakarta: BPS-Statistics Indonesia, 2021.

Bossert, Thomas J. “Decentralization from the Top Down: A Comment on a Recent World Bank Publication.” In Is Decentralization Good for Development? Perspectives from Academics and Policy Makers, edited by Jean-Paul Faguet and Caroline Pöschl, 277–298. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2015.

Bunikowski, Dawid, and Kseniya Ivanova. “The Decentralization Method as a Tool to Implement Social Initiatives of Citizens in Multinational States.” BRICS Law Journal 4, no. 1 (2017): 7–25. DOI: https://doi.org/10.21684/2412-2343-2017-4-1-7-25

Chaidir, Ellydar. “Sistem Pemerintahan Negara Republik Indonesia Setelah Perubahan Undang-Undang Dasar.” PhD diss., Universitas Islam Indonesia, 2005.

Chandranegara, Ibnu Sina. “Penuangan Checks and Balances ke dalam Konstitusi.” Jurnal Konstitusi 13, no. 3 (2016): 559–574. DOI: https://doi.org/10.31078/jk1334

Cropanzano, Russell, Erica L. Anthony, Shanna R. Daniels, and Alison V. Hall. “Social Exchange Theory: A Critical Review with Theoretical Remedies.” Academy of Management Annals 11, no. 1 (2017): 479–516. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5465/annals.2015.0099

“Daftar Provinsi dengan PDRB per Kapita Tertinggi pada Triwulan II, DKI Jakarta Teratas.” Databoks Katadata.

Diprose, Rachael. “Striking the Right Balance: Winding Back Indonesia’s ‘Big Bang’ Decentralization.” In Constitutional Democracy in Indonesia. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2022. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192870681.003.0005

“Duitokrasi Membunuh Demokrasi.” Integrity Law Firm.

Fadli, Muhammad. “Pengakuan dan Perlindungan Negara terhadap Hukum Adat dalam Mendorong Kepatuhan Hukum Berbasis Nilai-Nilai Budaya Lokal di Indonesia.” Majalah Hukum Nasional 54, no. 2 (2024): 283–314. DOI: https://doi.org/10.33331/mhn.v54i2.896

Fauzan, Muhammad, and Riris Ardhanariswai. “Asymmetric Decentralization with Selective Broad Autonomy in the State Administration System.” Corporate Law and Governance Review 5, no. 2 (2023): 8–18. DOI: https://doi.org/10.22495/clgrv5i2p1

Fiorillo, Fabio, Michele G. Giuranno, and Agnese Sacchi. “Asymmetric Decentralization: Distortions and Opportunities.” Economia Politica 38, no. 2 (2021): 625–656. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40888-020-00211-7

Hadinatha, Miftah Faried. “Peran Mahkamah Konstitusi Mencegah Gejala Autocratic Legalism di Indonesia.” Jurnal Konstitusi 19, no. 4 (2022): 741–765. DOI: https://doi.org/10.31078/jk1941

Harkema, Beverly. “Autonomy as Public Service.” In Empowering Public Administrators. London: Routledge, 2024. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9781032651835-4

Hasani, Ismail. “Pengujian Konstitusionalitas Peraturan Daerah dalam Sistem Ketatanegaraan Indonesia.” PhD diss., Universitas Gadjah Mada, 2019.

Heryansyah, Despan. “Pergeseran Politik Hukum Otonomi Daerah di Indonesia: Studi terhadap Kedudukan dan Kewenangan Gubernur dalam Undang-Undang Pemerintahan Daerah Pasca Reformasi.” Master’s thesis, Universitas Islam Indonesia, 2016.

Huda, Ni’matul. “Hubungan Pengawasan Produk Hukum Daerah antara Pemerintah dan Pemerintah Daerah dalam Negara Kesatuan Republik Indonesia.” PhD diss., Universitas Islam Indonesia, 2009.

Huda, Ni’matul, and Despan Heryansyah. “Kompleksitas Otonomi Daerah dan Gagasan Negara Federal dalam Negara Kesatuan Republik Indonesia.” Jurnal Hukum Ius Quia Iustum 26, no. 2 (2019): 238–258. DOI: https://doi.org/10.20885/iustum.vol26.iss2.art2

“Inilah Temuan Lapangan Masalah Harmonisasi Peraturan di Daerah.” Hukumonline.

Isrā, Saldi, Bertus de Villiers, and Zainal Arifin. “Asymmetry in a Decentralized, Unitary State: Lessons from the Special Regions of Indonesia.” Journal on Ethnopolitics and Minority Issues in Europe 18, no. 2 (2019): 43–71.

Iswanto, Bambang, and Miftah Faried Hadinatha. “The Constitutional Court Decision and Islamic Philanthropy Movements: Analysis of Zakat Organizations’ Legality in Samarinda.” Mazahib 22, no. 1 (2023): 1–36. DOI: https://doi.org/10.21093/mj.v22i1.5968

Jati, Wasisto Raharjo. “Inkonsistensi Paradigma Otonomi Daerah di Indonesia: Dilema Sentralisasi atau Desentralisasi.” Jurnal Konstitusi 9, no. 4 (2012): 743–770. DOI: https://doi.org/10.31078/jk947

“Ketimpangan Pendidikan Indonesia, Antara Timur dan Barat.” Aktual Detik.

Kigume, Ramadhani, and Stephen Maluka. “Decentralisation and Health Services Delivery in 4 Districts in Tanzania: How and Why Does the Use of Decision Space Vary across Districts?” International Journal of Health Policy and Management 8, no. 2 (2019): 90–100. DOI: https://doi.org/10.15171/ijhpm.2018.97

Mahkamah Konstitusi Republik Indonesia. Naskah Komprehensif Perubahan Undang-Undang Dasar Negara Republik Indonesia Tahun 1945: Latar Belakang, Proses, dan Hasil Pembahasan. 8 vols. Jakarta: Sekretariat Jenderal dan Kepaniteraan MK, 2010.

_____. Putusan Mahkamah Konstitusi Nomor 11/PUU-VI/2008, diputus 5 Agustus 2008.

_____. Putusan Mahkamah Konstitusi Nomor 81/PUU-VIII/2010, diputus 2 Maret 2011.

Mahmuzar. “Model Negara Kesatuan Republik Indonesia di Era Reformasi.” Jurnal Hukum dan Pembangunan 50, no. 2 (2020): 302–316. DOI: https://doi.org/10.21143/jhp.vol50.no2.2590

Mousiu, Aleksander. “Decentralization and the Increased Autonomy in Local Governments.” In Second World Conference on Business, Economics and Management, Procedia – Social and Behavioral Sciences 109 (2014): 1060–1064. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2013.12.490

Niedzwiecki, Sara, and Alissandra T. Stoyan. “Decentralization and Democratic Participation: The Effect of Subnational Self-Rule on Voting in Latin America and the Caribbean.” Electoral Studies 52 (2018): 26–35. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electstud.2017.12.001

Ozmen, Alper. “Notes to the Concept of Decentralization.” European Scientific Journal 10, no. 10 (2014): 415–424.

“Pembagian Kewenangan Pusat–Daerah dalam Undang-Undang Nomor 11 Tahun 2006 tentang Pemerintahan Aceh.” Saldi Isra (website).

“PKS Kritik Cara Penetapan PSBB: Gaya Birokratis, Penanganan Corona Jadi Lambat.” DetikNews.

Santoso, Purwo. “Menolak Stagnasi Demokratisasi: Otonomi Daerah sebagai Aktualisasi.” Riptek 5, no. 1 (2011): 45–60.

Rahman, Faiz. “Rasionalitas Desentralisasi Asimetris dalam Kerangka NKRI.” In Pemerintah dan Pemerintahan Daerah: Refleksi pada Era Reformasi—Membaca Momentum 20 Tahun Reformasi Indonesia, edited by Budy Sugandi and Ali Rif’an. Bandung: Aura, 2018.

Republik Indonesia. Ketetapan Majelis Permusyawaratan Rakyat Republik Indonesia Nomor XV/MPR/1998.

_____. Undang-Undang Nomor 21 Tahun 2001 tentang Otonomi Khusus bagi Provinsi Papua.

_____. Undang-Undang Nomor 22 Tahun 1999 tentang Pemerintahan Daerah.

_____. Undang-Undang Nomor 23 Tahun 2014 tentang Pemerintahan Daerah.

_____. Undang-Undang Nomor 32 Tahun 2004 tentang Pemerintahan Daerah.

_____. Undang-Undang Nomor 44 Tahun 1999 tentang Penyelenggaraan Keistimewaan Provinsi Daerah Istimewa Aceh.

_____. Undang-Undang Nomor 13 Tahun 2012 tentang Keistimewaan Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta.

Ridwansyah, Muhammad. “Upaya Menemukan Konsep Ideal Hubungan Pusat–Daerah menurut Undang-Undang Dasar Negara Republik Indonesia Tahun 1945.” Jurnal Konstitusi 14, no. 4 (2017): 845–858. DOI: https://doi.org/10.31078/jk1447

Roznai, Yaniv. “Unconstitutional Constitutional Amendments: A Study of the Nature and Limits of Constitutional Amendment Powers.” PhD diss., London School of Economics and Political Science, 2014.

Salinding, Marthen B. “Prinsip Hukum Pertambangan Mineral dan Batubara yang Berpihak kepada Masyarakat Hukum Adat.” Jurnal Konstitusi 16, no. 1 (2019): 148–169. DOI: https://doi.org/10.31078/jk1618

Simandjuntak, Reynold. “Sistem Desentralisasi dalam Negara Kesatuan Republik Indonesia: Perspektif Yuridis-Konstitusional.” De Jure: Jurnal Hukum dan Syar’iah 7, no. 1 (2015): 57–67. DOI: https://doi.org/10.18860/j-fsh.v7i1.3512

Subiyanto, Achmad Edi, et al. Bagir Manan: Keterangan Ahli di Mahkamah Konstitusi. Jakarta: Rajawali Pers, 2021.

Tauda, Gunawan A. “Desain Desentralisasi Asimetris dalam Sistem Ketatanegaraan Republik Indonesia.” Administrative Law & Governance Journal 1, no. 4 (2018): 413–435. DOI: https://doi.org/10.14710/alj.v1i4.413-435

Tryatmoko, Mardyanto Wahyu. “Problem Demokratisasi dalam Desentralisasi Asimetris Pasca-Orde Baru.” Masyarakat Indonesia 38, no. 2 (2012): 269–296.

Utami, Novita Eka. “Sentralisasi terhadap Kewenangan Pemerintah Daerah dalam Perizinan Tambang Pasca-Pemberlakuan Undang-Undang Mineral dan Batubara.” LEX Renaissance 2, no. 8 (forthcoming).

“Waketum IDI Kritik Menkes yang Jadi Penentu Status PSBB Daerah.” Tempo.co.

Wardhana, Allan Fatchan Gani, and Ni’matul Huda. “Relasi Kewenangan Pemerintah Pusat dan Pemerintah Daerah dalam Penataan Kawasan Metropolitan Jabodetabek-Puncur.” Jurnal Hukum Ius Quia Iustum 29, no. 3 (2022): 494–515. DOI: https://doi.org/10.20885/iustum.vol29.iss3.art2

Wardhana, Allan Fatchan Gani, et al. Pilkada Pasca Reformasi: Dinamika, Permasalahan, dan Gagasan Penyempurnaan. Yogyakarta: PSHK FH UII, 2021.

Wiratraman, H. P., Risdiana Izzaty, and Aldyan Faizal. “A Constitutional Dilemma: Local Elections amid the Covid-19 Pandemic.” Rechtsidee 7 (December 2020). DOI: https://doi.org/10.21070/jihr.2020.7.704

Yuniza, Mailinda Eka. “Arah Kebijakan Pengaturan Bidang Kesehatan pada Era Otonomi Luas.” PhD diss., Universitas Gadjah Mada, 2016.

Zarychta, Alan, Michelle E. Benedum, Emily Sanchez, and Krister P. Andersson. “Decentralization and Corruption in Public Service Delivery: Local Institutional Arrangements That Can Help Reduce Governance Risks.” Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory 34, no. 2 (2024): 238–254. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/jopart/muad022