Peran Mahkamah Konstitusi Mencegah Gejala Autocratic Legalism di Indonesia
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.31078/jk1941Keywords:
Autocratic Legalism, Demokrasi, Mahkamah Konstitusi.Abstract
The phenomenon of autocratic legalism has become a serious problem that threatens democracy. As the guardian of constitution, the Constitutional Court should be present to stop the spread of this phenomenon. This research has two objectives, first, to understand the autocratic legalism phenomenon and the spread of it. Second, to formulate what kind of role the Constitutional Court can play to stop the escalation of it. The research methods used are doctrinal. The results showed, firstly, autocratic legalism refers to the actions of a person who uses the law to legitimize his desire for power. This can be seen in several policies issued in Indonesia. Second, the way the Constitutional Court can stop the escalation of it by adopting the doctrine of unconstitutional constitutional amendment and judicial activism in the exercise of judicial review.
References
Jurnal
Albert, Richard, Malkhaz Nakashidze, Tarik Olcay. “The Formalist Resisteance to Unconstitutional Constitutional Amendement.” Hasting Law Journal 70, no. 3 (2019): 639- 670.
Barak, Aharon. “Unconstitutional Constitutional Amendements.” Israel Law Review 44, no. 3 (2011): 321- 342.
Çali, Başak. “Autocratic Strategies and the European Court of Human Rights.” European Convention on Human Rights Law Review 2, no. 1 (2021): 11–19. https://doi. org/10.1163/26663236-bja10015.
Cassani, Andrea. “Autocratisation by Term Limits Manipulation in Sub- Saharan Africa.” Africa Spectrum 55, no. 3 (2020): 189-260. https://doi. org/10.1177/0002039720964218.
Cody, Stephen. “Dark Law: Legalistic Autocratics, Judicila Deference, and The Global Transformation of National Security.” The American Journal of the Medical Sciences 6, no. 4 (2021): 643-686.
Faiz, Pan Mohamad. “Dimensi Judicial Activism Dalam Putusan Mahkamah Konstitusi.” Jurnal Konstitusi 13, no. 2 (2016): 406-430. https://doi.org/10.31078/jk1328.
Hikmah, Neny Fathiyatul. “Keberadaan Dewan Pengawas Terhadap Independensi Komisi Pemberantasan Korupsi Perspektif Siyasah Dusturiyah.” Al-Balad: Journal of Constitutional Law 2, no. 2 (2020): 1-19. http://urj.uin-malang.ac.id/index.php/ albalad/article/view/595.
Ibrahim, Mohammad. “Pembatasan Kekuasaan Amendemen Konstitusi : Teori , Praktik Di Beberapa Negara Dan Relevansinya Di Indonesia.” Jurnal Konstitusi 17, no. 3 (2020): 558-581. https://doi.org/10.31078/jk1735.
Landau, David. “Abusive Constitutionalism.” U.S. Davis Law Review 47, no. 189 (2013): 189-260.
Mayasari, Ima. “Kebijakan Reformasi Regulasi Melalui Implementasi.” Jurnal Rechtsvinding Media Pembinaan Hukum Nasional 9, no. 1 (2020): 1–15.
Mochtar, Zainal Arifin, and Idul Rishan. “Yustisia Jurnal Hukum Autocratic Legalism : The Making of Indonesian Omnibus Law” 11, no. 1 (2022): 29-41. https://doi. org/10.20961/yustisia.v11i1.59296.
Mochtar, Zainal Arifin. “Antinomi Dalam Peraturan Perundang-Undangan Di Indonesia.” Hasanuddin Law Review 1, no. 3 (2015): 316-336. https://doi.org/10.20956/ halrev.v1n3.112.
Mochtar, Zainal Arifin. “Independensi Komisi Pemberantasan Korupsi Pasca Undang-Undang Nomor 19 Tahun 2019.” Jurnal Konstitusi 18, no. 2 (2021): 321-344. https://doi. org/10.31078/jk1823.
Nowack, Daniel, and Julia Leininger. “Protecting Democracy from Abroad: Democracy Aid against Attempts to Circumvent Presidential Term Limits.” Democratization 29, no. 1 (2022): 154–173. https://doi.org/10.1080/13510347.2021.1957840.
Scheppele, Kim Lane. “Autocratic Legalism.” Chicago Law Review 85 (2018):545- 584. https://doi.org/https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2307/26455917.
Versteeg, Mila, Timoty Horley, Anne Meng, Mauricio Guim and Marilyn Guirguis. “The Law And Politics of Presidential Term Limit Evasion.” Columbia Law Review 120 (2020): 173- 248. https://doi.org/https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2307/26868346.
Wahyuningrum, Kartika Sasi, Hari Sutra Disemadi, and Nyoman Serikat Putra Jaya. “Independensi Komisi Pemberantasan Korupsi: Benarkah Ada?” Refleksi Hukum: Jurnal Ilmu Hukum 4, no. 2 (2020): 239-258. https://doi.org/10.24246/jrh.2020. v4.i2.p239-258.
Buku
Faiz, Pan Mohamad dan M. Lutfi Chakim. Peradilan Konstitusi: Perbandingan Kelembagaan Dan Kewenangan Konstitusioanal Di Asia. Depok: Rajawali Pers, 2020.
Faiz, Pan Mohamad. Amendemen Konstitusi: Komparasi Negara Kesatuan Dan Negara Federal. Depok: Rajawali Pers, 2019.
Isra, Saldi. Sistem Pemerintahan: Pergulatan Ketatanegaraan Menuju Sistem Pemerintahan Presidensial. Depok: Rajawali Pers, 2020.
Law, David, Yaniv Roznai, Rosalind Dixon. “Term Limits and the Unconstitutional Constitutional Amendement Doctrine.” In The Politics of Presidential Term Limits, edited by Alexander Baturo and Robert Elgie, 666. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2019.
Mochtar, Zainal Arifin. Kekuasaan Kehakiman: Mahkamah Konstitusi Dan Diskursus Judicial Activism Vs Judicial Restraint. Depok: Rajawali Pers, 2021.
Mochtar, Zainal Arifin. Lembaga Negara Independen: Dinamika Perkembangan Dan Urgensi Penataanya Kembali Pasca Amendemen Konstitusi. Jakarta: Rajawali Pers, 2016.
Simon, Anna Sledzinska. “Public Reason and Illiberal Democracy.” In Constitutionalism Under Stress, 376. Oxford: Oxfrod University Pers, 2020.
Wiratraman, Herlambang P. “Menguji Arah Tafsir ‘Uji Formal’ Putusan Mahkamah Konstitusi Terhadap Undang-Undang Cipta Kerja.” In Policy Paper: Putusan MK Terkait UU Cipta Kerja, 202. Fakultas Hukum Universitas Gadjah Mada, 2022.
Disertasi
Hasani, Ismail. “Pengujian Konstitusionalitas Peraturan Daerah Dalam Sistem Ketatanegaraan Indonesia.” Universitas Gadjah Mada, 2019: 1-615.
Roznai, Yaniv. “Unconstitutional Constitutional Amendements: A Study of the Nature and Limits of Constitutional Amendement Powers.” The London of School of Economics and Political Science, 2014: 1-363.
Peraturan Perundang-undangan
Indonesia. Undang-Undang Dasar Negara Republik Indonesia Tahun 1945.
___________. Undang-undang No. 30 Tahun 2002 tentang Komisi Pemberantasan Korupsi. Lembaran Negara No. 137 Tahun 2002, Tambahan Lembaran Negara No. 4250.
___________. Undang-Undang No. 19 Tahun 2019 tentang Perubahan Kedua Atas Undang- Undang Nomor 30 Tahun 2002 tentang Komisi Pemberantasan Korupsi. Lembaran Negara No. 197 Tahun 2019, Tambahan Lembaran Negara No. 6409.
___________. Undang-Undang No. 11 Tahun 2020 tentang Cipta Kerja. Lembaran Negara No. 245 Tahun 2020, Tambahan Lembaran Negara No. 6573.
___________. Undang-Undang No. 3 Tahun 2022 tentang Ibu Kota Negara. Lembaran Negara No. 41 Tahun 2022, Tambahan Lembaran Negara No. 6766.
Putusan
Mahkamah Konstitusi. Putusan MK Nomor 91/PUU-XVIII/2020.
Internet
Anggarini, Titi, “Siasat Pemunduran Pemilu Demi Perpanjangan Masa Jabatan”. Diakses 28 April 2022. https://news.detik.com/kolom/d-5993094/siasat-pemunduran-pemilu-demi-perpanjangan-masa-jabatan.
DA, Ady Thea, “3 Indikator Autocratic Legalism dalam Kebijakan Negara”. Diakses 06 April 2022. https://www.hukumonline.com/berita/a/3-indikator-autocratic-legalism-dalam-kebijakan-negara-lt6102bdb6645ee/.
Global Risk Insight, 2016, “What Exactly is Illiberal Democracy”. Diakses 23 April 2022. https://globalriskinsights.com/2016/05/what-is-illiberal-democracy/.
Jinggara, Rangga Pandu Asamara, 2021. “Timbul Tenggelam Wacana Perpanjangan Masa Jabatan Presiden”. Diunduh 28 April 2022. https://www.antaranews.com/ berita/2433613/timbul-tenggelam-wacana-perpanjangan-masa-jabatan-presiden.
Kompas, 2022, “Jokowi Dulu Bilang Isu Perpanjangan Masa Jabatan Presiden Tampar Mukanya, Kini Sebut Itu Bagian Demokrasi”. Diunduh 28 April 2022. https:// nasional.kompas.com/read/2022/03/05/11102971/jokowi-dulu-bilang-isu-perpanjangan-masa-jabatan-presiden-tampar-mukanya?page=all.
Mochtar, Zainal Arifin, 2020, “Elegi Hukum dan Pemerintahan”. Diakses 23 April 2022. https://mediaindonesia.com/kolom-pakar/370519/elegi-hukum-dan-pemerintahan.
PSHK, 2022. “Penundaan Pemilu dan Perpanjangan Masa Jabatan Presiden Bentuk Pembangkangan Konstitusi”. Diunduh 28 April 2022. https://pshk.or.id/ publikasi/penundaan-pemilu-dan-perpanjangan-masa-jabatan-presiden-bentuk-pembangkangan-konstitusi/.
Safitri, Eva, “Tok! DPR Sahkan RUU Pembentukan Peraturan Perundang-Undangan Jadi UU”. Diakses 31 Mei 2022. https://news.detik.com/berita/d-6092728/tok-dpr-sahkan-ruu-pembentukan-peraturan-perundang-undangan-jadi-uu.
Tempo, 202. “Jokowi Resmi Lantik Bambang Susantono Jadi Kepala Otorita IKN”. Diunduh 25 April 2022. https://nasional.tempo.co/read/1569307/jokowi-resmi-lantik-bambang-susantono-jadi-kepala-otorita-ikn.
Tempo, 2022, “Survei LSI: Masyarakat Tolak Semua Alasan Perpanjangan Masa Jabatan Jokowi”. diunduh 28 April 2022. https://nasional.tempo.co/read/1566802/ survei-lsi-masyarakat-tolak-semua-alasan-perpanjangan-masa-jabatan-jokowi/ full&view=ok.
The Conversation, “Mengapa Masa Jabatan Presiden Harus Dibatasi?”. Diakses 28 April 2022. https://theconversation.com/mengapa-masa-jabatan-presiden-harus-dibatasi-181579.
Albert, Richard, Malkhaz Nakashidze, Tarik Olcay. “The Formalist Resisteance to Unconstitutional Constitutional Amendement.” Hasting Law Journal 70, no. 3 (2019): 639- 670.
Barak, Aharon. “Unconstitutional Constitutional Amendements.” Israel Law Review 44, no. 3 (2011): 321- 342.
Çali, Başak. “Autocratic Strategies and the European Court of Human Rights.” European Convention on Human Rights Law Review 2, no. 1 (2021): 11–19. https://doi. org/10.1163/26663236-bja10015.
Cassani, Andrea. “Autocratisation by Term Limits Manipulation in Sub- Saharan Africa.” Africa Spectrum 55, no. 3 (2020): 189-260. https://doi. org/10.1177/0002039720964218.
Cody, Stephen. “Dark Law: Legalistic Autocratics, Judicila Deference, and The Global Transformation of National Security.” The American Journal of the Medical Sciences 6, no. 4 (2021): 643-686.
Faiz, Pan Mohamad. “Dimensi Judicial Activism Dalam Putusan Mahkamah Konstitusi.” Jurnal Konstitusi 13, no. 2 (2016): 406-430. https://doi.org/10.31078/jk1328.
Hikmah, Neny Fathiyatul. “Keberadaan Dewan Pengawas Terhadap Independensi Komisi Pemberantasan Korupsi Perspektif Siyasah Dusturiyah.” Al-Balad: Journal of Constitutional Law 2, no. 2 (2020): 1-19. http://urj.uin-malang.ac.id/index.php/ albalad/article/view/595.
Ibrahim, Mohammad. “Pembatasan Kekuasaan Amendemen Konstitusi : Teori , Praktik Di Beberapa Negara Dan Relevansinya Di Indonesia.” Jurnal Konstitusi 17, no. 3 (2020): 558-581. https://doi.org/10.31078/jk1735.
Landau, David. “Abusive Constitutionalism.” U.S. Davis Law Review 47, no. 189 (2013): 189-260.
Mayasari, Ima. “Kebijakan Reformasi Regulasi Melalui Implementasi.” Jurnal Rechtsvinding Media Pembinaan Hukum Nasional 9, no. 1 (2020): 1–15.
Mochtar, Zainal Arifin, and Idul Rishan. “Yustisia Jurnal Hukum Autocratic Legalism : The Making of Indonesian Omnibus Law” 11, no. 1 (2022): 29-41. https://doi. org/10.20961/yustisia.v11i1.59296.
Mochtar, Zainal Arifin. “Antinomi Dalam Peraturan Perundang-Undangan Di Indonesia.” Hasanuddin Law Review 1, no. 3 (2015): 316-336. https://doi.org/10.20956/ halrev.v1n3.112.
Mochtar, Zainal Arifin. “Independensi Komisi Pemberantasan Korupsi Pasca Undang-Undang Nomor 19 Tahun 2019.” Jurnal Konstitusi 18, no. 2 (2021): 321-344. https://doi. org/10.31078/jk1823.
Nowack, Daniel, and Julia Leininger. “Protecting Democracy from Abroad: Democracy Aid against Attempts to Circumvent Presidential Term Limits.” Democratization 29, no. 1 (2022): 154–173. https://doi.org/10.1080/13510347.2021.1957840.
Scheppele, Kim Lane. “Autocratic Legalism.” Chicago Law Review 85 (2018):545- 584. https://doi.org/https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2307/26455917.
Versteeg, Mila, Timoty Horley, Anne Meng, Mauricio Guim and Marilyn Guirguis. “The Law And Politics of Presidential Term Limit Evasion.” Columbia Law Review 120 (2020): 173- 248. https://doi.org/https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2307/26868346.
Wahyuningrum, Kartika Sasi, Hari Sutra Disemadi, and Nyoman Serikat Putra Jaya. “Independensi Komisi Pemberantasan Korupsi: Benarkah Ada?” Refleksi Hukum: Jurnal Ilmu Hukum 4, no. 2 (2020): 239-258. https://doi.org/10.24246/jrh.2020. v4.i2.p239-258.
Buku
Faiz, Pan Mohamad dan M. Lutfi Chakim. Peradilan Konstitusi: Perbandingan Kelembagaan Dan Kewenangan Konstitusioanal Di Asia. Depok: Rajawali Pers, 2020.
Faiz, Pan Mohamad. Amendemen Konstitusi: Komparasi Negara Kesatuan Dan Negara Federal. Depok: Rajawali Pers, 2019.
Isra, Saldi. Sistem Pemerintahan: Pergulatan Ketatanegaraan Menuju Sistem Pemerintahan Presidensial. Depok: Rajawali Pers, 2020.
Law, David, Yaniv Roznai, Rosalind Dixon. “Term Limits and the Unconstitutional Constitutional Amendement Doctrine.” In The Politics of Presidential Term Limits, edited by Alexander Baturo and Robert Elgie, 666. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2019.
Mochtar, Zainal Arifin. Kekuasaan Kehakiman: Mahkamah Konstitusi Dan Diskursus Judicial Activism Vs Judicial Restraint. Depok: Rajawali Pers, 2021.
Mochtar, Zainal Arifin. Lembaga Negara Independen: Dinamika Perkembangan Dan Urgensi Penataanya Kembali Pasca Amendemen Konstitusi. Jakarta: Rajawali Pers, 2016.
Simon, Anna Sledzinska. “Public Reason and Illiberal Democracy.” In Constitutionalism Under Stress, 376. Oxford: Oxfrod University Pers, 2020.
Wiratraman, Herlambang P. “Menguji Arah Tafsir ‘Uji Formal’ Putusan Mahkamah Konstitusi Terhadap Undang-Undang Cipta Kerja.” In Policy Paper: Putusan MK Terkait UU Cipta Kerja, 202. Fakultas Hukum Universitas Gadjah Mada, 2022.
Disertasi
Hasani, Ismail. “Pengujian Konstitusionalitas Peraturan Daerah Dalam Sistem Ketatanegaraan Indonesia.” Universitas Gadjah Mada, 2019: 1-615.
Roznai, Yaniv. “Unconstitutional Constitutional Amendements: A Study of the Nature and Limits of Constitutional Amendement Powers.” The London of School of Economics and Political Science, 2014: 1-363.
Peraturan Perundang-undangan
Indonesia. Undang-Undang Dasar Negara Republik Indonesia Tahun 1945.
___________. Undang-undang No. 30 Tahun 2002 tentang Komisi Pemberantasan Korupsi. Lembaran Negara No. 137 Tahun 2002, Tambahan Lembaran Negara No. 4250.
___________. Undang-Undang No. 19 Tahun 2019 tentang Perubahan Kedua Atas Undang- Undang Nomor 30 Tahun 2002 tentang Komisi Pemberantasan Korupsi. Lembaran Negara No. 197 Tahun 2019, Tambahan Lembaran Negara No. 6409.
___________. Undang-Undang No. 11 Tahun 2020 tentang Cipta Kerja. Lembaran Negara No. 245 Tahun 2020, Tambahan Lembaran Negara No. 6573.
___________. Undang-Undang No. 3 Tahun 2022 tentang Ibu Kota Negara. Lembaran Negara No. 41 Tahun 2022, Tambahan Lembaran Negara No. 6766.
Putusan
Mahkamah Konstitusi. Putusan MK Nomor 91/PUU-XVIII/2020.
Internet
Anggarini, Titi, “Siasat Pemunduran Pemilu Demi Perpanjangan Masa Jabatan”. Diakses 28 April 2022. https://news.detik.com/kolom/d-5993094/siasat-pemunduran-pemilu-demi-perpanjangan-masa-jabatan.
DA, Ady Thea, “3 Indikator Autocratic Legalism dalam Kebijakan Negara”. Diakses 06 April 2022. https://www.hukumonline.com/berita/a/3-indikator-autocratic-legalism-dalam-kebijakan-negara-lt6102bdb6645ee/.
Global Risk Insight, 2016, “What Exactly is Illiberal Democracy”. Diakses 23 April 2022. https://globalriskinsights.com/2016/05/what-is-illiberal-democracy/.
Jinggara, Rangga Pandu Asamara, 2021. “Timbul Tenggelam Wacana Perpanjangan Masa Jabatan Presiden”. Diunduh 28 April 2022. https://www.antaranews.com/ berita/2433613/timbul-tenggelam-wacana-perpanjangan-masa-jabatan-presiden.
Kompas, 2022, “Jokowi Dulu Bilang Isu Perpanjangan Masa Jabatan Presiden Tampar Mukanya, Kini Sebut Itu Bagian Demokrasi”. Diunduh 28 April 2022. https:// nasional.kompas.com/read/2022/03/05/11102971/jokowi-dulu-bilang-isu-perpanjangan-masa-jabatan-presiden-tampar-mukanya?page=all.
Mochtar, Zainal Arifin, 2020, “Elegi Hukum dan Pemerintahan”. Diakses 23 April 2022. https://mediaindonesia.com/kolom-pakar/370519/elegi-hukum-dan-pemerintahan.
PSHK, 2022. “Penundaan Pemilu dan Perpanjangan Masa Jabatan Presiden Bentuk Pembangkangan Konstitusi”. Diunduh 28 April 2022. https://pshk.or.id/ publikasi/penundaan-pemilu-dan-perpanjangan-masa-jabatan-presiden-bentuk-pembangkangan-konstitusi/.
Safitri, Eva, “Tok! DPR Sahkan RUU Pembentukan Peraturan Perundang-Undangan Jadi UU”. Diakses 31 Mei 2022. https://news.detik.com/berita/d-6092728/tok-dpr-sahkan-ruu-pembentukan-peraturan-perundang-undangan-jadi-uu.
Tempo, 202. “Jokowi Resmi Lantik Bambang Susantono Jadi Kepala Otorita IKN”. Diunduh 25 April 2022. https://nasional.tempo.co/read/1569307/jokowi-resmi-lantik-bambang-susantono-jadi-kepala-otorita-ikn.
Tempo, 2022, “Survei LSI: Masyarakat Tolak Semua Alasan Perpanjangan Masa Jabatan Jokowi”. diunduh 28 April 2022. https://nasional.tempo.co/read/1566802/ survei-lsi-masyarakat-tolak-semua-alasan-perpanjangan-masa-jabatan-jokowi/ full&view=ok.
The Conversation, “Mengapa Masa Jabatan Presiden Harus Dibatasi?”. Diakses 28 April 2022. https://theconversation.com/mengapa-masa-jabatan-presiden-harus-dibatasi-181579.
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Published
2022-12-01
How to Cite
Hadinatha, Miftah Faried. 2022. “Peran Mahkamah Konstitusi Mencegah Gejala Autocratic Legalism Di Indonesia”. Jurnal Konstitusi 19 (4):741-65. https://doi.org/10.31078/jk1941.
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