Kebijakan Pembatasan Internet di Indonesia: Perspektif Negara Hukum, Hak Asasi Manusia, dan Kajian Perbandingan
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.31078/jk1821Keywords:
Comparative Study, Human Rights, Internet Restriction Policies, the Rule of LawAbstract
The rapid growth in internet use has led governments in various countries, including Indonesia, to implement “internet restriction policies” to offset the possibility of internet abuse. Such restrictions on the internet have caused polemics, especially regarding the rights to freedom of opinion and the right to communicate and seek or receive information. In this paper, the polemic will be explored further based on 3 (three) perspectives, among others: (1) the rule of law; (2) human rights; and (3) legal comparisons. This paper is written using the juridical-normative legal research method. The results of the analysis of this paper show that: (1) there are still unfulfilled principles of the rule of law in internet restrictions; (2) limitation of human rights in the limitation of “internet networks” by which do not have a legal basis; and (3) the expected characteristics of internet restrictions in the view of several countries, namely: a) there is a clear juridical basis; b) contains clear limitation procedures; c) inspection and supervision; d) there is an independent supervisor; e) there is a mechanism of protection, recovery, and rehabilitation for innocent parties.
References
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Internet
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Pratomo, Yudha, 2021, “Pemerintah Umumkan Pembatasan Akses Internet di Papua”, https://tekno.kompas.com/read/2019/09/23/16535207/pemerintah-umumkan-pembatasan-akses-internet-di-wamena, diunduh 10 Januari.
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Peraturan Perundang-Undangan
Indonesia
Undang-Undang Dasar Negara Republik Indonesia Tahun 1945.
Undang-Undang Nomor 39 Tahun 1999 tentang Hak Asasi Manusia.
Undang-Undang Nomor 11 Tahun 2008 tentang Informasi dan Transaksi Elektronik.
Undang-Undang Nomor 30 Tahun 2014 tentang Administrasi Pemerintahan.
Undang-Undang Nomor 19 Tahun 2016 tentang Perubahan atas Undang-Undang Nomor 11 Tahun 2008 tentang Informasi dan Transaksi Elektronik.
Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 71 Tahun 2019 tentang Penyelenggaraan Sistem dan Transaksi Elektronik.
Peraturan Menteri Komunikasi dan Informatika Republik Indonesia Nomor 19 Tahun 2014 tentang Penanganan Situs Internet Bermuatan Negatif.
Asing
Universal Declaration of Human Rights
The International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights
Putusan Pengadilan
Putusan Tata Usaha Negara Nomor 230/G/TF/2019/PTUN-JKT.
Achmad, Yulianto, 2010, Dualisme Penelitian Hukum: Normatif & Empiris, Jakarta: Pustaka Pelajar.
Ali, Achmad, 2017, Menguak Tabir Hukum, Cetakan Ke-2, Jakarta: PT. Fajar Interpratama Mandiri.
Donnely, Jack, 2003, Universal Human Rights in Theory and Practice, London: Cornell University Press.
Habibie, B. J., 2006, Detik-Detik yang Menentukan: Jalan Panjang Indonesia Menuju Demokrasi, Jakarta: THC. Mandiri.
Ibrahim, Johnny, 2007, Teori dan Metodologi Penelitian Hukum Normatif, Jakarta: Bayu Media.
Khanif, El dan Herlambang P. Wiratraman, (Ed.), 2017, Hak Asasi Manusia, Dialektika Universalisme vs Relativisme di Indonesia, Yogyakarta: LkiS.
Latif, H. Abdul, 2016, Hukum Administrasi dalam Praktik Tindak Pidana Korupsi, Edisi Kedua, Jakarta: Prenada Media Group.
Manan, Bagir, 1996, Kedudukan Rakyat, Hak Asasi Manusia dan Negara Hukum, Jakarta: Gaya Media Pratama.
Qamar, Nurul, et. al., 2018, Negara Hukum atau Negara Kekuasaan (Rechsstaat or Machtstaat), Makassar: CV. Social Politic Genius (SIGn).
Sihombing, Eka N. A. dan Irwansyah, 2019, Hukum Tata Negara, Medan: Enam Media.
Sunggono, Bambang, 2006, Metode Penelitian Hukum, Jakarta: Rajagrafindo Persada.
Jurnal
Dewanti, Siti Chaerani, 2019, “Pembatasan Internet dalam Mengatasi Konflik di Papua”, Info Singkat, Volume IX, Nomor 17, h. 27.
Maharana, Anuj dan Ravali Rayaprolu, “Internet Censorship In India: Is It Acting Against Freedom Or Is It Serving For The Betterment Of The Community?”, Journal of Legal Studies and Research, Volume 2, Nomor 1, h. 86.
Marzuki, Suparman, 2013, “Perspektif Mahkamah Konstitusi tentang Hak Asasi Manusia, Kajian Tiga Putusan Mahkamah Konstitusi: Nomor 065/PUU-II/2004; Nomor 102/PUUVII/2009 dan Nomor 140/PUU-VII/2009”, Jurnal Yudisial, Volume 6, Nomor 3, h. 194 dan 205.
Mugari, Ishmael, 2020, “The Dark Side of Social Media in Zimbabwe: Unpacking The Legal Framework Conundrum”, Cogent Social Science Research Article, Nomor 6, h. 7.
Nwosu, Kingsley Chinaza, et. al., 2020, “Does the Association of Social Media Use with Problematic Internet Behaviours Predict Undergraduate Students’ Academic Procrastination?”, Canadian Journal of Learning and Technology, Volume 46, Issue 1, h. 3.
Sina, La, 2010, “Kedudukan Keputusan Tata Usaha Negara dalam Sistem Hukum Indonesia”, Jurnal Hukum Pro Justitia, Volume 25, Nomor 1, h. 66.
Sugiono, Bambang dan Ahmad Husni M. D., 2000, “Supremasi Hukum dan Demokrasi”, Jurnal Hukum, Volume 7, Nomor 14, h. 71.
Yuhdi, Mohammad, “Peranan Diskresi dalam Penyelenggaraan Pemerintahan”, Jurnal LIKHITAPRAJNA, Volume 15, Nomor 1, h. 78.
Penelitian
(CIPESA), Collaboration on International ICT Policy for East and Southern Africa, et. al., 2020, “State of Internet Freedom in Zimbabwe 2019, Mapping Trends in Government Internet Control, 1999-2019”, Penelitian CIPESA, h. 14.
U. Donny B., et. al., 2014, “Catatan Ringkas Tata Kelola & Praktik Internet di Indonesia”, Penelitian Information and Communicatin Technology Watch (ICT Watch), h. 14-15.
Internet
Asshiddiqie, Jimly, 2021, “Gagasan Negara Hukum Indonesia”, h. 8-15, https://pn-gunungsitoli.go.id/assets/image/files/Konsep_Negara_Hukum_Indonesia.pdf, diunduh 6 Januari.
Bestari, Ardhinur, 2021, “Kepastian Hukum dan Tanggung Gugat atas Diskresi”, h. 3-5, https://kalsel.bpk.go.id/easy/doc/TULISANHUKUM/Tulisan-Hukum-Diskresi-Kalsel.pdf, diunduh pada tanggal 27 Januari.
Bureau, ET, 2021, “India bans 59 Chinese apps including TikTok, WeChat, Helo”,
https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/software/india-bans-59-chinese-apps-including-tiktok-helo-wechat/articleshow/76694814.cms?utm_source=contentofinterest&utm_medium=text&utm_campaign=cppst, diunduh 15 Januari.
Commissioner, United Nations Human Rights Office of The High, 2020, “Comment by UN High Commissioner for Human Rights Michelle Bachelet on Indonesia (Papua and West Papua)”, https://www.ohchr.org/en/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=24942&LangID=E, diunduh 20 Desember.
Congress, The Law Library of, 2021, “Government Responses to Disinformation on Social Media Platform”, Report for Congress, 2019, h. 101-102, https://www.loc.gov/law/help/social-media-disinformation/social-media-disinformation.pdf, diunduh 16 Januari.
Department, Ministry of Law and Justice Legislative, 2021, “Constitution of India”, http://legislative.gov.in/sites/default/files/COI_1.pdf, diunduh 14 Januari.
Detik, 2021,, “Kerusakan Akibat Kerusuhan di Papua: 31 Kantor dan 15 Bank Dirusak-Dibakar”, dapat diakses melalui https://news.detik.com/berita/d-4691634/kerusakan-akibat-kerusuhan-di-papua-31-kantor-dan-15-bank-dirusak-dibakar, diunduh 10 Januari.
Indonesia, CNBC, 2021, “Papua Barat Rusuh, Kominfo Perlambat Akses Internet”, https://www.cnbcindonesia.com/tech/20190819185127-37-93119/papua-barat-rusuh-kominfo-perlambat-akses-internet, diunduh pada tanggal 10 Januari.
Indonesia, CNN, 2020, “Pemblokiran Internet, Alat Represi Pemerintah Abad 21”, https://www.cnnindonesia.com/teknologi/20190924102034-185-433288/pemblokiran-internet-alat-represi-pemerintah-abad-21, diunduh 20 Desember.
Indonesia, Kementerian Komunikasi dan Informatika Republik, 2020, “Blokir Bukan untuk Menindas”, https://kominfo.go.id/content/detail/10151/blokir-bukan-untuk-menindas/0/sorotan_media, diunduh 20 Desember.
Keepiton, 2021, “The State of Internet Shutdowns Around The World, The 2018 #Keepiton Report”, https://www.accessnow.org/cms/assets/uploads/2019/07/KeepItOn-2018-Report.pdf, diunduh 16 Januari.
Kompas, 2020, “Komnas HAM: Pemblokiran Internet di Papua Melanggar HAM”, https://malang.kompas.com/read/2019/08/26/15372721/komnas-ham-pemblokiran-internet-di-papua-melanggar-ham, diunduh 20 Desember.
Linzer, Isabel, 2021, “Penjelasan tentang Pembatasan Internet: Apa, Siapa, dan Kenapa?”, https://id.safenet.or.id/2019/10/penjelasan-tentang-pembatasan-internet-apa-siapa-dan-kenapa/, diunduh 7 Januari.
Pratomo, Yudha, 2021, “Pemerintah Umumkan Pembatasan Akses Internet di Papua”, https://tekno.kompas.com/read/2019/09/23/16535207/pemerintah-umumkan-pembatasan-akses-internet-di-wamena, diunduh 10 Januari.
Project, Constitute, 2021, “Zimbabwe’s Constitution of 2013”, https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Zimbabwe_2013.pdf , diunduh 18 Januari.
(SALC), Southern Africa Litigation Centre, 2021, “Report: Navigating Litigation during Internet Shutdowns in Southern Africa”, h. 8, https://www.southernafricalitigationcentre.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/SALC-Internet-Shutdown-Guide-FINAL.pdf, diunduh 17 Januari.
Tiwari, Shishir dan Gitanjali Ghosh, 2021, “Social Media and Freedom of Speech and Expression: Challenges before the Indian Law”, 2018, https://www.researchgate.net/publication/328476554_Social_Media_and_Freedom_of_Speech_and_Expression_Challenges_before_the_Indian_law/link/5bd0285aa6fdcc204a036c0d/download, diunduh 15 Januari.
Widiartanto, Yoga Hastyadi, 2020, “Ini Alasan Pemerintah Blokir Telegram”, https://tekno.kompas.com/read/2017/07/14/20495927/ini-alasan-pemerintah-blokir-telegram, diunduh 16 Desember.
Yusuf, Oik, 2020, “Wiranto: Pemerintah Sengaja Batasi Media Sosial Hari Ini”, https://pemilu.kompas.com/read/2019/05/22/14291067/wiranto-pemerintah-sengaja-batasi-media-sosial-hari-ini, diunduh 16 Desember.
Zittrain, Jonathan, et. al., 2021, “The Shifting Landscape of Global Internet Censorship”, Berkman Klein Center for Internet & Society Research Publication, h. 3-4, https://dash.harvard.edu/bitstream/handle/1/33084425/The%20Shifting%20Landscape%20of%20Global%20Internet%20Censorship-%20Internet%20Monitor%202017.pdf?sequence=5&isAllowed=y, diunduh 7 Januari.
Peraturan Perundang-Undangan
Indonesia
Undang-Undang Dasar Negara Republik Indonesia Tahun 1945.
Undang-Undang Nomor 39 Tahun 1999 tentang Hak Asasi Manusia.
Undang-Undang Nomor 11 Tahun 2008 tentang Informasi dan Transaksi Elektronik.
Undang-Undang Nomor 30 Tahun 2014 tentang Administrasi Pemerintahan.
Undang-Undang Nomor 19 Tahun 2016 tentang Perubahan atas Undang-Undang Nomor 11 Tahun 2008 tentang Informasi dan Transaksi Elektronik.
Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 71 Tahun 2019 tentang Penyelenggaraan Sistem dan Transaksi Elektronik.
Peraturan Menteri Komunikasi dan Informatika Republik Indonesia Nomor 19 Tahun 2014 tentang Penanganan Situs Internet Bermuatan Negatif.
Asing
Universal Declaration of Human Rights
The International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights
Putusan Pengadilan
Putusan Tata Usaha Negara Nomor 230/G/TF/2019/PTUN-JKT.
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Published
2021-11-15
How to Cite
Adhari, Ade, Tunjung Herning Sitabuana, and Luisa Srihandayani. 2021. “Kebijakan Pembatasan Internet Di Indonesia: Perspektif Negara Hukum, Hak Asasi Manusia, Dan Kajian Perbandingan”. Jurnal Konstitusi 18 (2):262-93. https://doi.org/10.31078/jk1821.
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