Calon Tunggal Pilkada: Krisis Kepemimpinan dan Ancaman Bagi Demokrasi
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.31078/jk1913Keywords:
Calon Tunggal, Demokrasi, PilkadaAbstract
The single candidate became a political phenomenon in Indonesia. However, the phenomenon rarely happens, consistently increasing the number of single candidates in the local election. This research aims to analyze whether this political phenomenon alerts democracy decadency or a typical circumstance in a democratic state. The method used in this research is doctrinal legal research. The result shows several reasons the single candidate consistently increases from event-to-event sort of an epidemic virus that could spread across the province. Some factors supporting the rise of the single-candidate phenomenon, for instance, the local parliamentary threshold of proposing the candidate, public distrust to the political parties, disfunction of a political party to giving a political education for its members and constituents, and the political parties tend to avoid the political risks of losing (incumbent). Finally, this single candidate phenomenon is a bad alert for democracy development, notably in the local area.
References
BUKU
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Coromina, Maria Pérez Ugena. The Role of Civil Society in the Control of Public Power. Dalam: Arnold R., Martínez-Estay J. (eds), Rule of Law, Human Rights and Judicial Control of Power. Ius Gentium: Comparative Perspectives on Law and Justice, Vol 61. 2017. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-55186-9_7
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Irwansyah, Irwansyah & Ahsan Yunus, Penelitian Hukum: Pilihan Metode dan Praktik Penulisan Artikel, Yogyakarta: Mirra Buana Media, 2020.
Satriawan, Iwan & Khairil Azmi Mochtar, Democratic Transition and Constitutional Justice: Post Reformasi Constitutional Adjudication in Indonesia, Kuala Lumpur: IIUM Press, 2020.
JURNAL
Calabresi, Steven G. “Political Parties As Mediating Institutions”, University of Chicago Law Review 61, no. 4, (1994): 1479-1533.
Dawood, Yasmin. “Election Law Originalism: The Supreme Court's Elitist Conception of Democracy”, Saint Louis University of LawvJournal 62, no. 4, (2020): 609-634.
Dhesinta, Wafia Silvi, “Calon Tunggal dalam Pemilihan Umum Kepada Daerah dan Konsep Demokrasi” Jurnal Cita Hukum 4, no. 1, (2016): 87-104.
Draper, Matthew. “Justice As A Building Block of Democracy in Transitional Societies: The Case of Indonesia”, Columbia Journal of Transnational Law 40, no. 2, (2002): 392-933.
Fatmawati, Fatmawati & Ayu Andira. “Fenomena Kolom Kosong pada Pilkada Kota Makassar Tahun 2018”. Jurnal Ilmiah Mahasiswa Siyasah Syar’iyyah 2, no. 3, (2020): 500-508.
Hadiz, Vedi R and Richard Robison, 2013 “The Political Economy of Oligarchy and The Reorganization of Power in Indonesia”, Cornell University Southeast Asia Program 36, (2013): 35-38.
Harianto, Harianto; Wawan Budi Darmawan & Muradi. “Kemenangan Kotak Kosong pada Pilkada Kota Makassar Tahun 2018”, Jurnal Society 8, no. 2, (2020): 575-585.
Insiyah, Sayyidatul; Xavier Nugraha & Shevierra Danmadiyah. “Pemilihan Kepala Daerah oleh Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat Daerah: Sebuah Komparasi dengan Pemilihan Secara Langsung oleh Rakyat”, Jurnal Supremasi Hukum 28, no. 2. (2019): 164-187.
Kurniawan, Bambang & Wawanudin, “Fenomena Pasangan Tunggal dan Kotak/Kolom Kosong pada Pilkada Kota Tangerang”, Jurnal Moziak 11, no. 2, (2019): 15-27.
Lestari, Ayu. “Faktor Penyebab Kehadiran Calon Tunggal dalam Pemilihan Kepala Daerah”, Jurnal Simbur Cahaya 25, no. 2, (2018): 249-262.
Lindell, Noah. “One Person, No Votes: Unopposed Candidate Statutes and the State of Election Law”, Wisconsin Law Review, no. 5, (2017): 884-953.
Long, Clarisa. “Shouting Down the Voice of the People: Political Parties, Powerful Pacs, and Concerns About Corruption”, Stanford Law Review 46, no. 5, (1994): 1161-1193.
Maringan, Panjaitan & Simson Berkat Hulu. “Analisis Proses dan Faktor Penyebab Lahirnya Pasangan Calon Tunggal Versus Kotak Kosong Pada Pilkada Serentak Tahun 2020”, Jurnal Ilmu Sosial dan Politik 1, no. 2, (2021): 116-130.
Nge, Herri Junius. “Oligarki Partai Politik dalam Rekrutmen Calon Kepala Daerah: (Studi Kasus Munculnya CalonTunggal Pada Pemilihan Kepala Daerah Kabupaten Landak Tahun 2017)”, Jurnal Academia Praja 1, no.1, (2018): 59-84.
Nurhalimah, Siti. “Polemik Pemilihan Umum Kepala Daerah Dengan Calon Tunggal dalam Kerangka Demokrasi”, Jurnal Adalah: Buletin Hukum dan Keadilan 1, no. 8, (2017): 75-76.
Pilder, Richard H. “The Constitutionalization of Democratic Politics”, Harvard Law Review 118, no. 1, (2004): 1-117.
Rahmanto, Toni Yuri. “Calon Tunggal Dalam Perspektif Hak Memilih dan Dipilih di Provinsi Banten (Single Candidate in the Perspective of The Right to Vote and be Voted in the Province of Banten)”. Jurnal HAM 9, no. 2, (2018): 103-119.
Romli, Lili. “Pilkada Langsung, Calon Tunggal, dan Masa Depan Demokrasi Lokal”, Jurnal Penelitian Politik 15, no. 2, (2018): 143-160.
RS, Iza Rumesten. “Fenomena Calon Tunggal dalam Pesta Demokrasi”, Jurnal Konstitusi 13, no. 1, (2016): 72-94.
Serota, Michael Serota & Ethan J. Leib. “The Political Morality of Voting in Direct Democracy”, Minnesota Law Review 97, (2013): 1598-1620.
Stotzky, Irwin P. “Establishing Deliberative Democracy: Moving from Misery to Poverty with Dignity”, University of Arkansas Little Rock Law Review 21, no. 1, (1998): 79-105.
Summers, Clyde W. “Democracy in A One-Party State: Perspectives from Landrum-Griffin”, Maryland Law Review 43, no. 1, (1984): 93-118.
Tanjung, Muhammad Anwar & Retno Saraswati. “Calon Tunggal Pilkada Kurangi Kualitas Demokrasi: Kajian Putusan Mahkamah Konstitusi Nomor 100/PUU-XIII/2015”, Jurnal Yudisial 12, no. 3 (2019): 269-285.
Tóth, Gábor Attila. “Breaking the Equilibrium: From Distrust of Representative Government to an Authoritarian Executive”, Washington International Law Journal 28, no 2, (2019): 317-348.
Widhiasthini, Ni Wayan. “Dynamics of Single Candidate in Election of Regional Heads (Case study in Badung Regency, Bali Province”. International Research Journal of Management, IT & Social Sciences 7, no. 6, (2020): 109-115.
Wierzynska, Aneta. 2004, “Consolidating Democracy Through Transitional Justice: Rwanda's Gacaca Courts”, New York University Law Review 79, no. 5, (2004): 1934-1970.
Yunitasari, Yessyca. “Abdurrahman Wahid’s Thought about Democracy in 1974-2001“, Jurnal Historica 1, no. 1, (2017): 79-97.
Yunus, Nur Rohim. “Saat Kotak Kosong Memenangkan Pilkada”, Jurnal Adalah: Buletin Hukum dan Keadilan 2, no. 7, (2018): 69-70.
_______________________ “Calon Tunggal Sebagai Wujud Disfungsi Partai Politik”, Jurnal Adalah: Buletin Hukum dan Keadilan 1, no. 4, (2017): 31-32.
INTERNET
Asyari, Yusuf. “Parah! Tingkat Kepercayaan Masyarakat kepada Parpol Paling Rendah”, https://www.jawapos.com/features/humaniora/20/07/2017/parah-tingkat-kepercayaan-masyarakat-kepada-parpol-paling-rendah/ diakses pada 2 Mei 2021.
Debora, Yantina. “Daftar Pasal Bermasalah dan Kontroversi Omnibus Law RUU Cipta Kerja“, https://tirto.id/daftar-pasal-bermasalah-dan-kontroversi-omnibus-law-ruu-cipta-kerja-f5AU diakses pada 20 Desember 2020.
Dominique, Bosco. “218 Candidates in Tamil Nadu Elected Unopposed in Local Body Polls”, https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/218-candidates-in-tn-elected-unopposed-in-local-body-polls/articleshow/89440031.cms, diakses pada 5 Maret 2022.
Haar, Barend ter. “Government of The People, by The People, for The People”, https://www.clingendael.org/publication/government-people-people-people, diakses pada 5 Mei 2021.
Hidayat, Faiq. “Usai Dilantik Jadi Bupati Buton, Samsu Umar Langsung Dinonaktifkan”, https://news.detik.com/berita/d-3613343/usai-dilantik-jadi-bupati-buton-samsu-umar-langsung-dinonaktifkan diakses pada 4 September 2021.
Hidayat, Rofiq Hidayat. “Ini Penyebab Tingginya Calon Tunggal dalam Pilkada”, https://www.hukumonline.com/berita/a/ini-penyebab-tingginya-calon-tunggal-dalam-pilkada-lt5f326f8d56dc9 diakses pada 5 Maret 2022.
Ilham, Muhammad. “Indo Barometer: Tingkat Kepercayaan Masyarakat terhadap KPK Turun”, https://news.detik.com/berita/d-4910929/indo-barometer-tingkat-kepercayaan-masyarakat-terhadap-kpk-turun diakses pada 29 Januari 2021.
Indonesia, CNN. “Pendaftaran Pilkada Ditutup, 25 Daerah Diisi Calon Tunggal”, https://www.cnnindonesia.com/nasional/20200914110840-20-546143/pendaftaran-pilkada-ditutup-25-daerah-diisi-calon-tunggal diakses pada 21 Februari 2021.
Medistiara, Yulida. “CSIS: Petahana-Biaya Politik Mahal Jadi Faktor Calon Tunggal Meningkat“, https://news.detik.com/berita/d-5166517/csis-petahana-biaya-politik-mahal-jadi-faktor-calon-tunggal-meningkat diakses pada 7 Januari 2021.
Moro, Luca Caruso. “Thousands of Quebec municipal candidates elected by acclamation as deadline to run passes“,https://montreal.ctvnews.ca/thousands-of-quebec-municipal-candidates-elected-by-acclamation-as-deadline-to-run-passes-1.5608581 diakses pada 6 Maret 2022.
Nugraheni, Arita. “Menyoal Calon Tunggal di Pilkada”, https://kompas.id/baca/riset/2020/03/25/menyoal-calon-tunggal-di-pilkada/, diakses pada 5 Mei 2021.
Priyasmoro, M Radityo. “Survei Charta Politika: Kepercayaan publik terhadap parpol masih rendah”, https://www.merdeka.com/politik/survei-charta-politika-kepercayaan-publik-terhadap-parpol-masih-rendah.html diakses pada 2 Mei 2021.
Rahmadi, Dedi. “Indeks Demokrasi 2020: Indonesia di Urutan 64, Digolongkan Demokrasi Belum Sempurna”, https://www.merdeka.com/peristiwa/indeks-demokrasi-2020-indonesia-di-urutan-64-digolongkan-demokrasi-belum-sempurna.html diakses pada 5 Mei 2021.
Ramadhan, Fahmi. “Survei LSI: KPK Paling Dipercaya Rakyat, Parpol Terendah“, https://katadata.co.id/desysetyowati/berita/5e9a50324b392/survei-lsi-kpk-paling-dipercaya-rakyat-parpol-terendah diakses pada 29 Januari 2021.
Sofia Tomacruz, 2019, “Unopposed: Over 500 candidates in Local Races Need Only 1 Vote to Win”, https://www.rappler.com/newsbreak/iq/229916-local-candidates-running-unopposed/ diakses pada 5 Maret 2022.
The Economist. “Global Democracy Has A Very Bad Year“, https://www.economist.com/graphic-detail/2021/02/02/global-democracy-has-a-very-bad-year diakses pada 5 Mei 2021.
UK Parliament. “Uncontested elections: Where and why do they take place? “, dapat dilihat pada https://commonslibrary.parliament.uk/uncontested-elections-where-and-why-do-they-take-place/ diakses pada 6 Maret 2022.
Vikram, Vikram. “Dimple Yadav joins a list of illustrious people who trodded the unopposed poll path“,https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/dimple-yadav-joins-a-list-of-illustrious-people-who-trodded-the-unopposed-poll-path/articleshow/14069576.cms?from=mdr
Wheeler, Marika; Roberto Rocha & Jonathan Montpetiti. “Low Turnout and Uncontested Elections: How Healthy is Municipal Democracy in Quebec?” https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/montreal/quebec-municipal-election-1.4350065 diakses pada 5 Maret 2022.
Yessi, Yessi, “Jumlah Calon Tunggal di Pilkada Meningkat, Didominasi Petahana, https://langgam.id/jumlah-calon-tunggal-di-pilkada-meningkat-didominasi-petahana/ diakses pada 20 Februari 2021.
Bawaslu, Fenomena Calon Tunggal Studi Kasus pada Pilkada 2018 di 16 Kabupaten/Kota. Jakarta Pusat: Bawaslu, 2018.
Coromina, Maria Pérez Ugena. The Role of Civil Society in the Control of Public Power. Dalam: Arnold R., Martínez-Estay J. (eds), Rule of Law, Human Rights and Judicial Control of Power. Ius Gentium: Comparative Perspectives on Law and Justice, Vol 61. 2017. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-55186-9_7
Ibrahim, Johnny. Teori dan Metodologi Penelitian Hukum Normatif, Malang: Bayumedia, 2005.
Irwansyah, Irwansyah & Ahsan Yunus, Penelitian Hukum: Pilihan Metode dan Praktik Penulisan Artikel, Yogyakarta: Mirra Buana Media, 2020.
Satriawan, Iwan & Khairil Azmi Mochtar, Democratic Transition and Constitutional Justice: Post Reformasi Constitutional Adjudication in Indonesia, Kuala Lumpur: IIUM Press, 2020.
JURNAL
Calabresi, Steven G. “Political Parties As Mediating Institutions”, University of Chicago Law Review 61, no. 4, (1994): 1479-1533.
Dawood, Yasmin. “Election Law Originalism: The Supreme Court's Elitist Conception of Democracy”, Saint Louis University of LawvJournal 62, no. 4, (2020): 609-634.
Dhesinta, Wafia Silvi, “Calon Tunggal dalam Pemilihan Umum Kepada Daerah dan Konsep Demokrasi” Jurnal Cita Hukum 4, no. 1, (2016): 87-104.
Draper, Matthew. “Justice As A Building Block of Democracy in Transitional Societies: The Case of Indonesia”, Columbia Journal of Transnational Law 40, no. 2, (2002): 392-933.
Fatmawati, Fatmawati & Ayu Andira. “Fenomena Kolom Kosong pada Pilkada Kota Makassar Tahun 2018”. Jurnal Ilmiah Mahasiswa Siyasah Syar’iyyah 2, no. 3, (2020): 500-508.
Hadiz, Vedi R and Richard Robison, 2013 “The Political Economy of Oligarchy and The Reorganization of Power in Indonesia”, Cornell University Southeast Asia Program 36, (2013): 35-38.
Harianto, Harianto; Wawan Budi Darmawan & Muradi. “Kemenangan Kotak Kosong pada Pilkada Kota Makassar Tahun 2018”, Jurnal Society 8, no. 2, (2020): 575-585.
Insiyah, Sayyidatul; Xavier Nugraha & Shevierra Danmadiyah. “Pemilihan Kepala Daerah oleh Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat Daerah: Sebuah Komparasi dengan Pemilihan Secara Langsung oleh Rakyat”, Jurnal Supremasi Hukum 28, no. 2. (2019): 164-187.
Kurniawan, Bambang & Wawanudin, “Fenomena Pasangan Tunggal dan Kotak/Kolom Kosong pada Pilkada Kota Tangerang”, Jurnal Moziak 11, no. 2, (2019): 15-27.
Lestari, Ayu. “Faktor Penyebab Kehadiran Calon Tunggal dalam Pemilihan Kepala Daerah”, Jurnal Simbur Cahaya 25, no. 2, (2018): 249-262.
Lindell, Noah. “One Person, No Votes: Unopposed Candidate Statutes and the State of Election Law”, Wisconsin Law Review, no. 5, (2017): 884-953.
Long, Clarisa. “Shouting Down the Voice of the People: Political Parties, Powerful Pacs, and Concerns About Corruption”, Stanford Law Review 46, no. 5, (1994): 1161-1193.
Maringan, Panjaitan & Simson Berkat Hulu. “Analisis Proses dan Faktor Penyebab Lahirnya Pasangan Calon Tunggal Versus Kotak Kosong Pada Pilkada Serentak Tahun 2020”, Jurnal Ilmu Sosial dan Politik 1, no. 2, (2021): 116-130.
Nge, Herri Junius. “Oligarki Partai Politik dalam Rekrutmen Calon Kepala Daerah: (Studi Kasus Munculnya CalonTunggal Pada Pemilihan Kepala Daerah Kabupaten Landak Tahun 2017)”, Jurnal Academia Praja 1, no.1, (2018): 59-84.
Nurhalimah, Siti. “Polemik Pemilihan Umum Kepala Daerah Dengan Calon Tunggal dalam Kerangka Demokrasi”, Jurnal Adalah: Buletin Hukum dan Keadilan 1, no. 8, (2017): 75-76.
Pilder, Richard H. “The Constitutionalization of Democratic Politics”, Harvard Law Review 118, no. 1, (2004): 1-117.
Rahmanto, Toni Yuri. “Calon Tunggal Dalam Perspektif Hak Memilih dan Dipilih di Provinsi Banten (Single Candidate in the Perspective of The Right to Vote and be Voted in the Province of Banten)”. Jurnal HAM 9, no. 2, (2018): 103-119.
Romli, Lili. “Pilkada Langsung, Calon Tunggal, dan Masa Depan Demokrasi Lokal”, Jurnal Penelitian Politik 15, no. 2, (2018): 143-160.
RS, Iza Rumesten. “Fenomena Calon Tunggal dalam Pesta Demokrasi”, Jurnal Konstitusi 13, no. 1, (2016): 72-94.
Serota, Michael Serota & Ethan J. Leib. “The Political Morality of Voting in Direct Democracy”, Minnesota Law Review 97, (2013): 1598-1620.
Stotzky, Irwin P. “Establishing Deliberative Democracy: Moving from Misery to Poverty with Dignity”, University of Arkansas Little Rock Law Review 21, no. 1, (1998): 79-105.
Summers, Clyde W. “Democracy in A One-Party State: Perspectives from Landrum-Griffin”, Maryland Law Review 43, no. 1, (1984): 93-118.
Tanjung, Muhammad Anwar & Retno Saraswati. “Calon Tunggal Pilkada Kurangi Kualitas Demokrasi: Kajian Putusan Mahkamah Konstitusi Nomor 100/PUU-XIII/2015”, Jurnal Yudisial 12, no. 3 (2019): 269-285.
Tóth, Gábor Attila. “Breaking the Equilibrium: From Distrust of Representative Government to an Authoritarian Executive”, Washington International Law Journal 28, no 2, (2019): 317-348.
Widhiasthini, Ni Wayan. “Dynamics of Single Candidate in Election of Regional Heads (Case study in Badung Regency, Bali Province”. International Research Journal of Management, IT & Social Sciences 7, no. 6, (2020): 109-115.
Wierzynska, Aneta. 2004, “Consolidating Democracy Through Transitional Justice: Rwanda's Gacaca Courts”, New York University Law Review 79, no. 5, (2004): 1934-1970.
Yunitasari, Yessyca. “Abdurrahman Wahid’s Thought about Democracy in 1974-2001“, Jurnal Historica 1, no. 1, (2017): 79-97.
Yunus, Nur Rohim. “Saat Kotak Kosong Memenangkan Pilkada”, Jurnal Adalah: Buletin Hukum dan Keadilan 2, no. 7, (2018): 69-70.
_______________________ “Calon Tunggal Sebagai Wujud Disfungsi Partai Politik”, Jurnal Adalah: Buletin Hukum dan Keadilan 1, no. 4, (2017): 31-32.
INTERNET
Asyari, Yusuf. “Parah! Tingkat Kepercayaan Masyarakat kepada Parpol Paling Rendah”, https://www.jawapos.com/features/humaniora/20/07/2017/parah-tingkat-kepercayaan-masyarakat-kepada-parpol-paling-rendah/ diakses pada 2 Mei 2021.
Debora, Yantina. “Daftar Pasal Bermasalah dan Kontroversi Omnibus Law RUU Cipta Kerja“, https://tirto.id/daftar-pasal-bermasalah-dan-kontroversi-omnibus-law-ruu-cipta-kerja-f5AU diakses pada 20 Desember 2020.
Dominique, Bosco. “218 Candidates in Tamil Nadu Elected Unopposed in Local Body Polls”, https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/218-candidates-in-tn-elected-unopposed-in-local-body-polls/articleshow/89440031.cms, diakses pada 5 Maret 2022.
Haar, Barend ter. “Government of The People, by The People, for The People”, https://www.clingendael.org/publication/government-people-people-people, diakses pada 5 Mei 2021.
Hidayat, Faiq. “Usai Dilantik Jadi Bupati Buton, Samsu Umar Langsung Dinonaktifkan”, https://news.detik.com/berita/d-3613343/usai-dilantik-jadi-bupati-buton-samsu-umar-langsung-dinonaktifkan diakses pada 4 September 2021.
Hidayat, Rofiq Hidayat. “Ini Penyebab Tingginya Calon Tunggal dalam Pilkada”, https://www.hukumonline.com/berita/a/ini-penyebab-tingginya-calon-tunggal-dalam-pilkada-lt5f326f8d56dc9 diakses pada 5 Maret 2022.
Ilham, Muhammad. “Indo Barometer: Tingkat Kepercayaan Masyarakat terhadap KPK Turun”, https://news.detik.com/berita/d-4910929/indo-barometer-tingkat-kepercayaan-masyarakat-terhadap-kpk-turun diakses pada 29 Januari 2021.
Indonesia, CNN. “Pendaftaran Pilkada Ditutup, 25 Daerah Diisi Calon Tunggal”, https://www.cnnindonesia.com/nasional/20200914110840-20-546143/pendaftaran-pilkada-ditutup-25-daerah-diisi-calon-tunggal diakses pada 21 Februari 2021.
Medistiara, Yulida. “CSIS: Petahana-Biaya Politik Mahal Jadi Faktor Calon Tunggal Meningkat“, https://news.detik.com/berita/d-5166517/csis-petahana-biaya-politik-mahal-jadi-faktor-calon-tunggal-meningkat diakses pada 7 Januari 2021.
Moro, Luca Caruso. “Thousands of Quebec municipal candidates elected by acclamation as deadline to run passes“,https://montreal.ctvnews.ca/thousands-of-quebec-municipal-candidates-elected-by-acclamation-as-deadline-to-run-passes-1.5608581 diakses pada 6 Maret 2022.
Nugraheni, Arita. “Menyoal Calon Tunggal di Pilkada”, https://kompas.id/baca/riset/2020/03/25/menyoal-calon-tunggal-di-pilkada/, diakses pada 5 Mei 2021.
Priyasmoro, M Radityo. “Survei Charta Politika: Kepercayaan publik terhadap parpol masih rendah”, https://www.merdeka.com/politik/survei-charta-politika-kepercayaan-publik-terhadap-parpol-masih-rendah.html diakses pada 2 Mei 2021.
Rahmadi, Dedi. “Indeks Demokrasi 2020: Indonesia di Urutan 64, Digolongkan Demokrasi Belum Sempurna”, https://www.merdeka.com/peristiwa/indeks-demokrasi-2020-indonesia-di-urutan-64-digolongkan-demokrasi-belum-sempurna.html diakses pada 5 Mei 2021.
Ramadhan, Fahmi. “Survei LSI: KPK Paling Dipercaya Rakyat, Parpol Terendah“, https://katadata.co.id/desysetyowati/berita/5e9a50324b392/survei-lsi-kpk-paling-dipercaya-rakyat-parpol-terendah diakses pada 29 Januari 2021.
Sofia Tomacruz, 2019, “Unopposed: Over 500 candidates in Local Races Need Only 1 Vote to Win”, https://www.rappler.com/newsbreak/iq/229916-local-candidates-running-unopposed/ diakses pada 5 Maret 2022.
The Economist. “Global Democracy Has A Very Bad Year“, https://www.economist.com/graphic-detail/2021/02/02/global-democracy-has-a-very-bad-year diakses pada 5 Mei 2021.
UK Parliament. “Uncontested elections: Where and why do they take place? “, dapat dilihat pada https://commonslibrary.parliament.uk/uncontested-elections-where-and-why-do-they-take-place/ diakses pada 6 Maret 2022.
Vikram, Vikram. “Dimple Yadav joins a list of illustrious people who trodded the unopposed poll path“,https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/dimple-yadav-joins-a-list-of-illustrious-people-who-trodded-the-unopposed-poll-path/articleshow/14069576.cms?from=mdr
Wheeler, Marika; Roberto Rocha & Jonathan Montpetiti. “Low Turnout and Uncontested Elections: How Healthy is Municipal Democracy in Quebec?” https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/montreal/quebec-municipal-election-1.4350065 diakses pada 5 Maret 2022.
Yessi, Yessi, “Jumlah Calon Tunggal di Pilkada Meningkat, Didominasi Petahana, https://langgam.id/jumlah-calon-tunggal-di-pilkada-meningkat-didominasi-petahana/ diakses pada 20 Februari 2021.
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Published
2022-03-28
How to Cite
Rahman, Rofi Aulia, Iwan Satriawan, and Marchethy Riwani Diaz. 2022. “Calon Tunggal Pilkada: Krisis Kepemimpinan Dan Ancaman Bagi Demokrasi”. Jurnal Konstitusi 19 (1):047-072. https://doi.org/10.31078/jk1913.
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