Evaluasi Proses Amendemen Undang-Undang Dasar Tahun 1945: Perspektif Habermasian
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.31078/jk1944Keywords:
Amendemen, Evaluasi, Habermas, Indonesia, UUD 1945.Abstract
This article evaluates the amendment process of the 1945 Constitution conducted by the MPR from 1999 to 2002. The theoretical framework used is Jürgen Habermas’s theory of law and democracy. By employing an expositive-critical-reconstructive approach, this article argues the amendment of the 1945 Constitution was inclusive but not participatory because the process was more dominated by the MPR and it did not include the active participation of ordinary citizens, including civil society groups, the mass media, and radical groups in the society. The remedy to this problem is for the MPR to institutionalize ideal conditions of deliberative democracy that grant publicity, transparency, civic participation, and rational communication between the executive body and citizens in every phase of the constitutional amendment process.
References
Jurnal
Ahmad dan Nggilu, Novendri M. “Denyut Nadi Amandemen Kelima UUD 1945 melalui Pelibatan Mahkamah Konstitusi sebagai Prinsip the Guardian of the Constitution.” Jurnal Konstitusi 16, no. 4 (Desember 2019): 785-808. https://doi.org/10.31078/ jk1646.
Aryanto, Bayu. “Demokrasi Deliberatif dalam Konsep Amandemen Konstitusi Indonesia.” Mulawarman Law Review 5, no. 2 (Desember 2020): 96-113. https://e-journal.fh. unmul.ac.id/index.php/mulrev/article/view/366/197.
Eddyono, Luthfi Widagdo. “The Unamendable Articles of the 1945 Constitution.” Constitutional Review 2, no. 2 (December 2016): 252-269. https://doi.org/10. 31078/consrev225.
Ellis, Andrew. “The Indonesian Constitutional Transition: Conservatism or Fundamental Change?” Singapore Journal of International & Comparative Law 2 (2002): 1-38. https://www.ndi.org/sites/default/files/1567_id_constitutionaltrans_5.pdf.
Fauzani, Muhammad Addi, Nur Aqmarina Deladetama, Muhammad Basrun, dan Muhammad Khoirul Anam, “Living Constitution in Indonesia: The Study of Constitutional Changes Without A Formal Amendment,” Lentera Hukum 7, no. 1 (2020): 69-84. https://doi.org/10.19184/ejlh.v7i1.13953.
Hardiman, Francisco Budi. “Demokrasi Deliberatif: Model untuk Indonesia Pasca- Soeharto?” Basis 53, no. 11-12 (November-Desember 2004): 14-22.
Hosen, Nadirsyah. “Religion and the Indonesian Constitution: A Recent Debate.” Journal of Southeast Asian Studies 36, no. 3 (October 2005): 419-440. https://www.jstor. org/stable/20072669.
Gillespie, John. “Public Discourse and Constitutional Change.” Asian Journal of Comparative Law 11 (November 2016): 209-218. https://doi.org/10.1017/asjcl. 2016.17.
Gwaravanda, Ephraim Taurai. “Habermas’ Deliberative Democracy and the Zimbabwean Constitution-Making Process.” African Journal of Political Science and International Relations 6, no. 6 (October 2012): 123-129. http://www.academicjournals.org/ AJPSIR.
Habermas, Jürgen. “Constitutional Democracy: A Paradoxical Union of Contradictory Principles?” Political Theory 29, no. 6 (December 2001): 766-781. https://www. jstor.org/stable/3072601.
_____. “Political Communication in Media Society: Does Democracy Still Enjoy an Epistemic Dimension? The Impact of Normative Theory on Empirical Research.” Communication Theory 16 (November 2006): 411-426. https://doi.org/10.1111/ j.1468-2885.2006.00280.x.
Haliim, Wimmy. “Demokrasi Deliberatif Indonesia: Konsep Partisipasi Masyarakat dalam Membentuk Demokrasi dan Hukum yang Reponsif.” Journal Masyarakat Indonesia 42, no. 1 (Juni 2016): 19-30. http://jmi.ipsk.lipi.go.id/index.php/ jmiipsk/article/ view/556.
Hamzah, “Fifth Amendment of 1945 Constitution of Republic of Indonesia: It Is Not a Necessity but It Is a Must.” Journal of Law, Policy and Globalization 47 (2016): 35- 41. https://www.iiste.org/Journals/index.php/JLPG/article/view/29654/30447.
Herman, Susan N. “Constitutional Utopianism: An Exercise in Law and Literature.” The University of the Pacific Law Review 48 (April, 21, 2016): 93-112. https:// brooklynworks.brooklaw.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2030&context=faculty.
Huda, Ni’matul. “Pelibatan Mahkamah Konstitusi dalam Perubahan (Ulang) UUD 1945 yang Partisipatif Melalui Komisi Konstitusi.” Yusticia 2, no. 2 (Agustus 2013): 5-18. https://doi.org/10.20961/yustisia.v2i2.10176.
Indrayana, Denny. “In Search for a Democratic Constitution: Indonesian Constitutional Reform 1999-2002.” Jurnal Media Hukum 17, no. 1 (Juni 2010): 115-131. https:// journal.umy.ac.id/index.php/jmh/article/view/372.
Kavoulakos, Konstantino. “Constitutional State and Democracy: On Jürgen Habermas’s Between Facts and Norms.” Radical Philosophy 96 (July/August 1999): 33-41. https://www.radicalphilosophyarchive.com/issue-files/rp96_article4_constitutio-nalstatedemocracy_kavoulakos.pdf.
Kusuma, A.B. and R.E. Elson, “A Note on the Sources for the 1945 Constitutional Debates in Indonesia,” Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land – en Volkenkunde 167, no. 2-3 (2011): 196-209. http://www.kitlv-journals.nl/index.php/btlv
Lay, Cornelis, dan Amalinda Savirani. “Reformasi Konstitusi dalam Transisi Menuju Demokrasi.” Jurnal Ilmu Sosial dan Ilmu Politik 4, no. 2 (Juli 2000): 17-32. https:// doi.org/10.22146/jsp.11123
Lerner, Hanna. “Permissive Constitutions, Democracy, and Religious Freedom in India, Indonesia, Israel, and Turkey,” World Politics 65, no. 4 (October 2013): 609-655. https://www.jstor.org/stable/42002225.
Maas, Marwan. “Menggagas Perubahan Kelima Undang-Undang Dasar 1945.” Jurnal Prioris 3, no. 1 (2012): 46-60. https://doi.org/10.25105/prio.v3i1.356.
Muzaqqi, Fahrul. “Menimbang Gagasan Negara Hukum (Deliberatif) di Indonesia.” Jurnal Konstitusi 7, no. 5 (Oktober 2010): 175-198. https://jurnalkonstitusi.mkri. id/ index.php/jk/article/view/250/246.
Negretto, Gabriel L. “Democratic Constitution-Making Bodies: The Perils of a Partisan Convention.” International Journal of Constitutional Law 16, no. 1 (January 2018): 254-279. https://doi.org/10.1093/icon/moy003.
Prasetyo, Antonius Galih. “Menuju Demokrasi Rasional: Melacak Pemikiran Jurgen Habermas tentang Ruang Publik.” Jurnal Ilmu Sosial dan Ilmu Politik 16, no. 2 (November 2012): 169-185. https://jurnal.ugm.ac.id/jsp/issue/view/1661.
Sartono, Kus Eddy. “Kajian Konstitusi Indonesia dari Awal Kemerdekaan Sampai Era Reformasi.” HUMANIKA 9, no. 1 (Maret 2009): 93-106. https://doi.org/10.21831/ hum.v9i1.3786.
Saunders, Cheryl. “Constitutional-Making in the 21st Century.” International Review of Law 4 (2012): 1-10. https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id= 2252294.
Seran, Alexander. “Hukum Reflektif Menurut Jürgen Habermas,” Respons 11, no. 2 (Desember 2006): 95-106.
Setiyono, Budi, and Ross H. McLeod. “Civil Society Organisations’ Contribution to the Anti-Corruption Movement in Indonesia.” Bulletin of Indonesian Economic Studies 46, no. 3 (2010): 347-370. https://doi.org/10.1080/00074918.2010.522504.
Susanti, Bivitri. “Constitution and Human Rights Provisions in Indonesia: An Unfinished Task in the Transitional Process.” Paper Presented in the Conference on “Constitution and Human Rights in a Global Age: An Asian-Pacific History,” 30 November-3 December. Australian National University, Canberra, Australia, 2001: 1-8. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/251169740_Constitution_and_ Human_Rights_Provisions_in_Indonesia_an_Unfinished_Task_in_the_Transitional_ Process.
Buku
Brandt, Michele, Jill Cottrell, Yash Ghai, and Anthony Regan. Constitutional-Making and Reform: Options for the Proces.s New York: Interpeace, 2011.
Butt, Simon. “Constitutions and Constitutionalism.” In Routledge Handbook of Contemporary Indonesia, edited by Robert W Hefner, 54-67. London and New York: Routledge, 2018.
Carnegie, Paul J. The Road from Authoritarianism to Democratization in Indonesia. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2010.
Cribb, Robert, and Audrey Kahin. Historical Dictionary of Indonesia. Toronto: The Scarecrow Press, Inc., 2004.
Dryzek, John S. “Critical Theory as a Research Program.” In The Cambridge Companion to Habermas, edited by Stephen K. White, 97-119. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995.
Edgar, Andrew. The Philosophy of Habermas. Chesham, England: Acumen, 2005.
Habermas, Jürgen. Between Facts and Norms: Contributions to a Discourse Theory of Law and Democracy, translated by William Regh. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press, 1998.
_____. The Inclusion of the Other: Studies in Political Theory, edited by Ciaran Cronin, & Pablo De Greiff. Cambridge: The MIT Press, 2006.
_____. “Postscript to Between Facts and Norms.” In Habermas, Modernity and Law, edited by Mathieu Deflem, 135-150. London: Sage Publications, 1996.
Hardiman, Fransisco Budi. Demokrasi Deliberatif: Menimbang ‘Negara Hukum’ dan ‘Ruang Publik’ dalam Teori Diskursus Jürgen Habermas. Yogyakarta: Kanisius, 2009.
Hermida, Ranilo B. Imagining Modern Democracy: A Habermasian Assessment of the Philippine Experiment. New York: State University of New York Press, 2014.
Horowitz, Donald L. Constitutional Change and Democracy in Indonesia. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2013.
Hosen, Nadirsyah. “Promoting Democracy and Finding the Right Direction: A Review of Major Constitutional Developments in Indonesia.” In Constitutionalism in Asia in the Early Twenty-First Century, edited by Albert H.Y. Chen, 322-342. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2014.
Indrayana, Denny. Indonesian Constitutional Reform 1999-2002: An Evaluation of Constitutional-Making in Transition. Jakarta: Kompas Book Publishing, 2008.
Nakamura, Mitsuo. Islam and Democracy in Indonesia: Observations on the 2004 General and Presidential Elections. Cambridge, MA: Islamic Legal Studies, 2005.
Peters, Bernhard. “On Reconstructive Legal and Political Theory.” In Habermas, Modernity and Law, edited by Mathieu Deflem, 101-134. London: Sage Publications, 1996.
Republik Indonesia, Mahkamah Konstitusi. Naskah Komprehensif Perubahan Undang- Undang Dasar Negara Republik Indonesia Tahun 1945, Buku I: Latar Belakang, Proses, dan Hasil Perubahan UUD 1945, 1999-2002. Jakarta: Sekretariat Jenderal dan Kepaniteraan Mahkamah Konstitusi, 2010.
______. Naskah Komprehensif Perubahan Undang-Undang Dasar Negara Republik Indonesia Tahun 1945, Buku V: Pemilihan Umum. Jakarta: Sekretariat Jenderal dan Kepaniteraan Mahkamah Konstitusi, 2010.
Seran, Alexander. Teori Hukum Positif dalam Perspektif Etika Diskursus Jürgen Habermas. Jakarta: Universitas Atma Jaya, 2011.
Wattimena, Reza A.A. Melampaui Negara Hukum Klasik: Locke, Rousseau, Habermas; Pengantar oleh Al. Andang. Yogyakarta: Kanisius, 2007.
Peraturan Perundang-Undangan
Indonesia. Undang-Undang Dasar Negara Republik Indonesia Tahun 1945.
Internet
Ellis, Andrew. “Constitutional Reform in Indonesia: A Retrospective.” Diakses 5 Januari 2022. https://www.idea.int/news-media/media/constitutional-reform-indonesia-retrospective.
Haris, Syamsuddin. “Dilema Amandemen Kelima.” Diakses 10 Juni 2022. http://lipi. go.id/ berita/dilema-amandemen-kelima/1788..
Saunders, Cheryl. “Women and Constitution Making,” A Paper Presented at the International Conference on “Women, Peace Building, and Constitutional Making” in Colombo, Sri Lanka, Diakses 25 November 2021. https://constitutionnet.org/ sites/ default/ files/Saunders%20women.htm.
Scheuerman, William E. “Habermas and the Fate of Democracy.” Diakses 21 Juni 2022. https:// bostonreview.net/articles/william-e-scheuerman-habermas-and-fate-democracy/.
Ahmad dan Nggilu, Novendri M. “Denyut Nadi Amandemen Kelima UUD 1945 melalui Pelibatan Mahkamah Konstitusi sebagai Prinsip the Guardian of the Constitution.” Jurnal Konstitusi 16, no. 4 (Desember 2019): 785-808. https://doi.org/10.31078/ jk1646.
Aryanto, Bayu. “Demokrasi Deliberatif dalam Konsep Amandemen Konstitusi Indonesia.” Mulawarman Law Review 5, no. 2 (Desember 2020): 96-113. https://e-journal.fh. unmul.ac.id/index.php/mulrev/article/view/366/197.
Eddyono, Luthfi Widagdo. “The Unamendable Articles of the 1945 Constitution.” Constitutional Review 2, no. 2 (December 2016): 252-269. https://doi.org/10. 31078/consrev225.
Ellis, Andrew. “The Indonesian Constitutional Transition: Conservatism or Fundamental Change?” Singapore Journal of International & Comparative Law 2 (2002): 1-38. https://www.ndi.org/sites/default/files/1567_id_constitutionaltrans_5.pdf.
Fauzani, Muhammad Addi, Nur Aqmarina Deladetama, Muhammad Basrun, dan Muhammad Khoirul Anam, “Living Constitution in Indonesia: The Study of Constitutional Changes Without A Formal Amendment,” Lentera Hukum 7, no. 1 (2020): 69-84. https://doi.org/10.19184/ejlh.v7i1.13953.
Hardiman, Francisco Budi. “Demokrasi Deliberatif: Model untuk Indonesia Pasca- Soeharto?” Basis 53, no. 11-12 (November-Desember 2004): 14-22.
Hosen, Nadirsyah. “Religion and the Indonesian Constitution: A Recent Debate.” Journal of Southeast Asian Studies 36, no. 3 (October 2005): 419-440. https://www.jstor. org/stable/20072669.
Gillespie, John. “Public Discourse and Constitutional Change.” Asian Journal of Comparative Law 11 (November 2016): 209-218. https://doi.org/10.1017/asjcl. 2016.17.
Gwaravanda, Ephraim Taurai. “Habermas’ Deliberative Democracy and the Zimbabwean Constitution-Making Process.” African Journal of Political Science and International Relations 6, no. 6 (October 2012): 123-129. http://www.academicjournals.org/ AJPSIR.
Habermas, Jürgen. “Constitutional Democracy: A Paradoxical Union of Contradictory Principles?” Political Theory 29, no. 6 (December 2001): 766-781. https://www. jstor.org/stable/3072601.
_____. “Political Communication in Media Society: Does Democracy Still Enjoy an Epistemic Dimension? The Impact of Normative Theory on Empirical Research.” Communication Theory 16 (November 2006): 411-426. https://doi.org/10.1111/ j.1468-2885.2006.00280.x.
Haliim, Wimmy. “Demokrasi Deliberatif Indonesia: Konsep Partisipasi Masyarakat dalam Membentuk Demokrasi dan Hukum yang Reponsif.” Journal Masyarakat Indonesia 42, no. 1 (Juni 2016): 19-30. http://jmi.ipsk.lipi.go.id/index.php/ jmiipsk/article/ view/556.
Hamzah, “Fifth Amendment of 1945 Constitution of Republic of Indonesia: It Is Not a Necessity but It Is a Must.” Journal of Law, Policy and Globalization 47 (2016): 35- 41. https://www.iiste.org/Journals/index.php/JLPG/article/view/29654/30447.
Herman, Susan N. “Constitutional Utopianism: An Exercise in Law and Literature.” The University of the Pacific Law Review 48 (April, 21, 2016): 93-112. https:// brooklynworks.brooklaw.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2030&context=faculty.
Huda, Ni’matul. “Pelibatan Mahkamah Konstitusi dalam Perubahan (Ulang) UUD 1945 yang Partisipatif Melalui Komisi Konstitusi.” Yusticia 2, no. 2 (Agustus 2013): 5-18. https://doi.org/10.20961/yustisia.v2i2.10176.
Indrayana, Denny. “In Search for a Democratic Constitution: Indonesian Constitutional Reform 1999-2002.” Jurnal Media Hukum 17, no. 1 (Juni 2010): 115-131. https:// journal.umy.ac.id/index.php/jmh/article/view/372.
Kavoulakos, Konstantino. “Constitutional State and Democracy: On Jürgen Habermas’s Between Facts and Norms.” Radical Philosophy 96 (July/August 1999): 33-41. https://www.radicalphilosophyarchive.com/issue-files/rp96_article4_constitutio-nalstatedemocracy_kavoulakos.pdf.
Kusuma, A.B. and R.E. Elson, “A Note on the Sources for the 1945 Constitutional Debates in Indonesia,” Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land – en Volkenkunde 167, no. 2-3 (2011): 196-209. http://www.kitlv-journals.nl/index.php/btlv
Lay, Cornelis, dan Amalinda Savirani. “Reformasi Konstitusi dalam Transisi Menuju Demokrasi.” Jurnal Ilmu Sosial dan Ilmu Politik 4, no. 2 (Juli 2000): 17-32. https:// doi.org/10.22146/jsp.11123
Lerner, Hanna. “Permissive Constitutions, Democracy, and Religious Freedom in India, Indonesia, Israel, and Turkey,” World Politics 65, no. 4 (October 2013): 609-655. https://www.jstor.org/stable/42002225.
Maas, Marwan. “Menggagas Perubahan Kelima Undang-Undang Dasar 1945.” Jurnal Prioris 3, no. 1 (2012): 46-60. https://doi.org/10.25105/prio.v3i1.356.
Muzaqqi, Fahrul. “Menimbang Gagasan Negara Hukum (Deliberatif) di Indonesia.” Jurnal Konstitusi 7, no. 5 (Oktober 2010): 175-198. https://jurnalkonstitusi.mkri. id/ index.php/jk/article/view/250/246.
Negretto, Gabriel L. “Democratic Constitution-Making Bodies: The Perils of a Partisan Convention.” International Journal of Constitutional Law 16, no. 1 (January 2018): 254-279. https://doi.org/10.1093/icon/moy003.
Prasetyo, Antonius Galih. “Menuju Demokrasi Rasional: Melacak Pemikiran Jurgen Habermas tentang Ruang Publik.” Jurnal Ilmu Sosial dan Ilmu Politik 16, no. 2 (November 2012): 169-185. https://jurnal.ugm.ac.id/jsp/issue/view/1661.
Sartono, Kus Eddy. “Kajian Konstitusi Indonesia dari Awal Kemerdekaan Sampai Era Reformasi.” HUMANIKA 9, no. 1 (Maret 2009): 93-106. https://doi.org/10.21831/ hum.v9i1.3786.
Saunders, Cheryl. “Constitutional-Making in the 21st Century.” International Review of Law 4 (2012): 1-10. https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id= 2252294.
Seran, Alexander. “Hukum Reflektif Menurut Jürgen Habermas,” Respons 11, no. 2 (Desember 2006): 95-106.
Setiyono, Budi, and Ross H. McLeod. “Civil Society Organisations’ Contribution to the Anti-Corruption Movement in Indonesia.” Bulletin of Indonesian Economic Studies 46, no. 3 (2010): 347-370. https://doi.org/10.1080/00074918.2010.522504.
Susanti, Bivitri. “Constitution and Human Rights Provisions in Indonesia: An Unfinished Task in the Transitional Process.” Paper Presented in the Conference on “Constitution and Human Rights in a Global Age: An Asian-Pacific History,” 30 November-3 December. Australian National University, Canberra, Australia, 2001: 1-8. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/251169740_Constitution_and_ Human_Rights_Provisions_in_Indonesia_an_Unfinished_Task_in_the_Transitional_ Process.
Buku
Brandt, Michele, Jill Cottrell, Yash Ghai, and Anthony Regan. Constitutional-Making and Reform: Options for the Proces.s New York: Interpeace, 2011.
Butt, Simon. “Constitutions and Constitutionalism.” In Routledge Handbook of Contemporary Indonesia, edited by Robert W Hefner, 54-67. London and New York: Routledge, 2018.
Carnegie, Paul J. The Road from Authoritarianism to Democratization in Indonesia. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2010.
Cribb, Robert, and Audrey Kahin. Historical Dictionary of Indonesia. Toronto: The Scarecrow Press, Inc., 2004.
Dryzek, John S. “Critical Theory as a Research Program.” In The Cambridge Companion to Habermas, edited by Stephen K. White, 97-119. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995.
Edgar, Andrew. The Philosophy of Habermas. Chesham, England: Acumen, 2005.
Habermas, Jürgen. Between Facts and Norms: Contributions to a Discourse Theory of Law and Democracy, translated by William Regh. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press, 1998.
_____. The Inclusion of the Other: Studies in Political Theory, edited by Ciaran Cronin, & Pablo De Greiff. Cambridge: The MIT Press, 2006.
_____. “Postscript to Between Facts and Norms.” In Habermas, Modernity and Law, edited by Mathieu Deflem, 135-150. London: Sage Publications, 1996.
Hardiman, Fransisco Budi. Demokrasi Deliberatif: Menimbang ‘Negara Hukum’ dan ‘Ruang Publik’ dalam Teori Diskursus Jürgen Habermas. Yogyakarta: Kanisius, 2009.
Hermida, Ranilo B. Imagining Modern Democracy: A Habermasian Assessment of the Philippine Experiment. New York: State University of New York Press, 2014.
Horowitz, Donald L. Constitutional Change and Democracy in Indonesia. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2013.
Hosen, Nadirsyah. “Promoting Democracy and Finding the Right Direction: A Review of Major Constitutional Developments in Indonesia.” In Constitutionalism in Asia in the Early Twenty-First Century, edited by Albert H.Y. Chen, 322-342. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2014.
Indrayana, Denny. Indonesian Constitutional Reform 1999-2002: An Evaluation of Constitutional-Making in Transition. Jakarta: Kompas Book Publishing, 2008.
Nakamura, Mitsuo. Islam and Democracy in Indonesia: Observations on the 2004 General and Presidential Elections. Cambridge, MA: Islamic Legal Studies, 2005.
Peters, Bernhard. “On Reconstructive Legal and Political Theory.” In Habermas, Modernity and Law, edited by Mathieu Deflem, 101-134. London: Sage Publications, 1996.
Republik Indonesia, Mahkamah Konstitusi. Naskah Komprehensif Perubahan Undang- Undang Dasar Negara Republik Indonesia Tahun 1945, Buku I: Latar Belakang, Proses, dan Hasil Perubahan UUD 1945, 1999-2002. Jakarta: Sekretariat Jenderal dan Kepaniteraan Mahkamah Konstitusi, 2010.
______. Naskah Komprehensif Perubahan Undang-Undang Dasar Negara Republik Indonesia Tahun 1945, Buku V: Pemilihan Umum. Jakarta: Sekretariat Jenderal dan Kepaniteraan Mahkamah Konstitusi, 2010.
Seran, Alexander. Teori Hukum Positif dalam Perspektif Etika Diskursus Jürgen Habermas. Jakarta: Universitas Atma Jaya, 2011.
Wattimena, Reza A.A. Melampaui Negara Hukum Klasik: Locke, Rousseau, Habermas; Pengantar oleh Al. Andang. Yogyakarta: Kanisius, 2007.
Peraturan Perundang-Undangan
Indonesia. Undang-Undang Dasar Negara Republik Indonesia Tahun 1945.
Internet
Ellis, Andrew. “Constitutional Reform in Indonesia: A Retrospective.” Diakses 5 Januari 2022. https://www.idea.int/news-media/media/constitutional-reform-indonesia-retrospective.
Haris, Syamsuddin. “Dilema Amandemen Kelima.” Diakses 10 Juni 2022. http://lipi. go.id/ berita/dilema-amandemen-kelima/1788..
Saunders, Cheryl. “Women and Constitution Making,” A Paper Presented at the International Conference on “Women, Peace Building, and Constitutional Making” in Colombo, Sri Lanka, Diakses 25 November 2021. https://constitutionnet.org/ sites/ default/ files/Saunders%20women.htm.
Scheuerman, William E. “Habermas and the Fate of Democracy.” Diakses 21 Juni 2022. https:// bostonreview.net/articles/william-e-scheuerman-habermas-and-fate-democracy/.
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Published
2022-12-01
How to Cite
Fatlolon, Costantinus. 2022. “Evaluasi Proses Amendemen Undang-Undang Dasar Tahun 1945: Perspektif Habermasian”. Jurnal Konstitusi 19 (4):819-42. https://doi.org/10.31078/jk1944.
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